Idea generation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3140 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Health Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? IDEA GENERATION MISSION:- To provide the best and cost-effective care, accessible to every patient, through integrated clinical practice, education and research, delivered with compassion, care and concern through team spirit and transparency. VISION:- To evolve as a unique university-based health centre where the quest for new knowledge would continuously yield more effective and more compassionate care for all. (2) To nurture a new generation of professionals of life-long commitment, dedication, knowledge, skills, wisdom and values. To strive for public trust and maintain medicines humane and noble place among professions. (4) To be globally competitive in healthcare and related businesses integrating local culture. OBJECTIVE:- To Upgrade its education and Research wing with the international standards and consequently develop healthcare solutions for under developed and developing areas. To register as a phenomenal growth by adding 5000 beds in the next five years. To Offer unique platform to various partners and collaborators, both national and international, to innovate in healthcare delivery systems, coverage systems like medical education and research. To develop healthcare solutions for underdeveloped and developing countries. To develop comprehensive healthcare delivery model that suits our population. To develop centers of excellence in medical specialties. Size of the Business: Our hospital is basically belonging from medium size business. Other clinics situated in that locality are small in size and have not developed laboratories. Capacity of our hospital will be `45 patients at once or 10 in emergency. We will take a building on lease atleast for 20 years and established our hospital. This building is situated near market and bus stand. Area of building is ten (10) khatha and building having 3 floors. It has fifteen single rooms and ten double rooms. A visiting lounge, rooms for staff (doctors) and for paramedical staff are also included. On ground floor there is 30Ãâ€"40 square feet hall, which is enough for a emergency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Idea generation" essay for you Create order Doctors Physician Medical officers (M.O) Anesthetic specialist Pharmacist Neurosurgeon Pathologist Ophthalmologist surgeon Paramedic staff: Nurses, Dispenser, Operation thither assistant Laboratory assistant Services Provided: Our program emphasizes comprehensive, multidisciplinary care for patient with all types of medical conditions. In addition, we provide moral support to patients and families to cope with the challenges of illness. These include our Life Services department, which caters to the emotional and developmental well being of hospitalized patient and their families. Life Services: The first aid group of Hospitals Life Department focuses on the emotional and developmental well being of hospitalized patient and their families. REAL AND PERCEIVED VALUES:- To put patients interests first. The ideology dictates every aspect of the clinical governance, patient care and the work culture. We will achieve in delivering medical care with exceptional quality and that will be the result of these values-based health services. Practice medicine as an integrated team of compassionate physicians, scientists and allied health professionals. Education will be provided through efficient training and education of physicians, nurses and allied health professionals. Research will be on thebasis of advanced clinical research the helps to improve patient care and quality in every service. Our mutual respect will be â€Å"Treat everyone with respect and dignity†. We will try to improve all processes that support patient care, education and research. We will allocate resources with in the context of system rather than its individual entities. Reason for existence of our Hospital chain:- Healthcare industry is the worlds largest industry with total revenues of approx US$ 2.8 Trillion (2005). Indias high population makes it an important player in the Healthcare Industry. According to the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority, the Indian healthcare industry has the potential to show the same exponential growth that the software industry showed in the past decade. In India, 80% of the healthcare expenditure is borne by the patients and that borne by the state is 12%. The expenditure covered by insurance claims is 3%. As a result, the price sensitivity is quite high and the high-level healthcare facilities are not in the reach of patients. Among the top five therapeutic segments, gastro-intestinal and cardiac therapies are experiencing both high volume and value growth. Opthologicals, cardiovascular, anti-diabetic and neurological drugs continue to top the growth list. The anti-infective, neurology, cardiovascular and anti-diabetic segments have witnessed a high number of new product launches in the recent years. With increasing number of non-insured population in our country and increasing healthcare expenditure to GDP resulting in people to opt for treatment options inside our country. THE MARKET SIZE OF INDIAN HEALTH SECTOR:- The Indian Healthcare market is estimated at about US$34 billion (FY 2006) The industry is expected to grow at 15% p.a., to reach US$79 billion by FY 2012 The large domestic market complemented by the inflow of medical tourists Medical tourists have increased almost 20-fold from 10,000 in 2000 to about 1,80,000–2,00,000 in 2006 GOVERNMENT AID:- 100% FDI is permitted for all health-related services under the automatic route Infrastructure status has been accorded to hospitals Lower tariffs and higher depreciation on medical equipment Income tax exemption for 5 years to hospitals in rural areas. MAJOR COMPETITOR:- Player Revenues (US$ million) Number of Hospitals Apollo Hospitals 225 41 Manipal Group NA 20 Market potential:- High-growth in the domestic market arising in health sector. Increasing health awareness: share in total private consumption expected to increase by 10%. Increasing penetration of health insurance. Rapid growth in private sector companies owning and managing hospitals. High-growth in medical tourism. Cost of comparable treatment is on average 1/8th to 1/5th of those in western countries. Opportunities exist in multiple segments along the value chain. Service providers: curative and preventive in primary, secondary and tertiary care. Diagnostics services: imaging and pathology labs. Infrastructure: hospitals, diagnostic centers. Health insurance: less than 10% of the population is covered by health insurance. The medical insurance premium income is expected to grow to US$3.8 billion by 2012. 44% growth in health insurance during 2006-2007. Healthcare BPO: medical billing, disease coding, forms processing and claims adjudication. Training: large opportunity for training doctors, managers, nurses and technicians Investment opportunity of over US$25 billion by 2010. Marketing Strategies Increased awareness image. Our first strategy is about the awareness of our hospital to the patients. Informing those not yet aware of what first care health offers. We will increase the awareness among the customers through proper advertising channel. Since in health sector word of mouth is best marketing tools we will hire agent on commission basis to increase awareness and for bringing patient too. Marketing Mix Product Service type Organization FIRST AID GROUP OF HOSPITAL Place Dehri, Lakhisarai Begusarai (Bihar), Price Varies from disease to disease. Promotion:- local cable newspaper (1,000,000) People:- We are targeting the patient Process:- Through brain storming of doctors Physical Avoidance Marketing plan:- Here we describe market conditions and strategies related to services. How it will be priced and promoted. For this we segment the market into similar group that will be based on different aspect on the hospital requirement to the market. Our target market is Dehri, Lakhisarai Begusarai (Bihar), because in this places there is no standard hospital giving medication services under one roof. We will use IMC tools for communicating our target market that will help to increase our market share. Product Input Sick Patient Process Treatment of dieses Output Healthy Patient Place We believe that place is not just about distribution it is about convenience too. If the services are not available where and when people need, it will create a lot of problems for customers. The physical place which we have chosen of our Hospital is bus stand road, near market known place for all the people. Another reason for that place so most of people, although, which are not our direct competitors, are operating in that area and awareness will be created frequently. Price Doctors Fee Consultant physician 50/- Physician 50/- ophthalmologist 50/- Ward and room charges per day Ward charges 200/- Single non AC room 300/- Singe AC room 500/- Double non AC 500/- Double AC 900/- ICU (intensive care unit) charges 600/- Promotion We will promote our Services through different types of promotions like Advertising Public relations We need one million (1,000,000) R.s for promotion. Advertising Medias: We have decided to use almost all types of advertising local media because we are the new entrants in the market. So, we have to aware and educate people to come to our hospital. Circulate Hand outs Advertise through Newspapers Through local Cable TV because it has made a major source of advertisement Billboards and banners People We are targeting the all age group of people. Process We are providing better health care unit, with unique innovation like, before treatment of any critical, first make a panel of doctors, when the sit together through brain storming it is zero chance to treat wrongly that are very much common in other hospitals. Physical Aviedance Our two doctors, Anesthetist and optometrist are well qualified and working in AIIMS,Delhi and another in dalgit singh eye hospital, Amritsar. Implementing the Market Plan After all above procedure accepted we will implement this marketing plan. Evaluating the Market Plan After implementing if we feel any deficiency in the plan then we evaluate it and again implement it till the desire outcome not satisfy us. But its very difficult to again make a market plan till startup. ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN:- Form of Ownership Form of Ownership in First Aid Hospital is based on Partnership so, the business will be performed on partnership basis. Partners and their terms of Agreement:- As the legal status of First Aid Hospital is based on partnership contract. All the partners will have equal responsibility to operate the business and all will be responsible for any wrong decision. All the partners have equal investment of Rs.200000 in the business and the ratio of profit and loss distribution will be equal. Location of building: This building is situated on bus stand road near market. Size of building: Area of building is ten (10)khatha and building having 3 floors. Rooms: It has fifteen single rooms and ten double rooms. A visiting lounge, rooms for staff (doctors) and for paramedical staff are also included. Hall: On ground floor there is 30Ãâ€"40 square feet hall, which is enough for a emergency. Personnel: Personnel are the assets of any company especially in the service sector. In our Hospital more than 80% personnel will be skilled based. We rank our personnel into different departments. Doctors: Consultant physician Physician Medical officers (M.O) ophthalmologist Anesthetic specialist Pharmacist Surgeon Pathologist Psychiatrists Paramedic staff: Nurses Dispenser Operation thither assistant Laboratory assistant Other personnel: Office boys Ward boys Gun men Ambulance driver Sweeper Gatekeeper Peons Hospital Equipment: When any business is going to be practically implement office equipment is essential for routine work established discipline and identifications of specific designations. Similarly, in our hospital three medical departments require some particular office equipments, which will be helpful in checking of the patients while check by the doctors. The most interesting thing is that our office equipment is quite different from other manufacturing organizations. These three departments have three offices and each office should contain following equipments. Stethoscope B.P apparatus Thermometer Laminator Otoskop Tongue depressor Torch Measuring tap Glucose monitor Pen stand Stationary Table lamp Office table Office chair Toys for children Weight scale All above listed materials should in every office for checking the patients because without equipment doctor is like the soldier without the weapon in war. Another thing, which we have in our mind that all the equipment should be, modernized enough in handily. After the description of doctors list now we explain some other product which will be compulsory for further hospital functioning. For this purpose, fist of all we describe finance office and the equipment needed for this is Computer Draw Safe Table furniture Operation Theater Equipment Operation lights Operation table Anesthetic machine B.P monitor Cardiac monitor Diathermy Suction machine Oxygen cylinder Nitrous cylinder Autoclave Equipment for Laboratory: Colorimeter Analyzer Microscope Centrifuge machine X-ray machine Chemicals Glucose meter Equipment for general ward and other rooms Incubator Sucker Machine Nebulizers ECG Machine Puls oxinator Oxygen Equipment Wheel chairs Weight Machine Stabilizers Stretcher Other equipment includes Stationary Air-conditioned Unit SUPPLIERS: Surgical Pharmaceutical Oxygen supplier Furniture supplier SURGICAL SUPPLIERS: These are the suppliers who will provide us the equipment and instruments necessary for surgery. Appasamy company provide us these equipments headquarter in chennai. Pharmaceutical suppliers These suppliers will provide us all types of medicines. Glaxo Smith Kline and Abbott companies will provide us all types of medicines. Oxygen supplier Furniture supplier These suppliers will provide us all kind of furniture. It includes a lot of suppliers some provide office furniture, others provide ward furniture. Intensive care unit (ICU) This operation is for those patient who is in critical condition and needs to be watched 24hr in the presence of nurse and when required at that moment doctor should also be available. In our hospital there will be 3 ICU. In ICU there will be one cardipgraph,oxygen,2 chairs,patient bed and other instrument. We have plan to spend 15 lakhs.in which 10 lakhs from our capital and 5 lakhs of a instrument on credit. Emergency This service is for those who need treatment without any delay or any formality of filling forms or norms. In our hospital we will have 20% of workforce for emergency because our location is near highway and accident occurs frequently. We have plan to take some instrument on lease and others second hand. We have also alloted 10lakhs for instrument. OPD (Out Patient Diagnosis) This service is for those patient who will come for check-up or diagnosis. Our aim is to reduce waiting time of the patient so that the patient will not have to suffer a lot from their diseases.we have decided to allot 50% of our workforce for it. We are also planning to provide internship for medical students or para-medics student. This will benefit both our organization as well as internee. We will get benefit because we will get skilled manpower with very low cost, They can handle early diagnosis and light problems of patient as well. For OPD we have plan to allot 1lakh. Dispensary:- For dispensary the organization have plan to invest 1lakh. Laboratory:- Since laboratory is very important for proper diagnosis of any disease properly. And for this variety for instrument and apparatus are used. For setting laboratory we are planning to invest Rs 350000.00 Eye department:- Since in our group optometrist and ophthalmologist are involved, so we are planning for specialized department. We have allotted 1lakh for this. Slit lamp-20000.00 Retinoscope-18000.00 Ophthalmoscope-12000 60D,90D- 20000.00 Indirect ophthalmoscope-30000.00 Surgery:- Operation theatre is very important part of any hospital. We have one operation theatre costing rupees 200000.00 Electric department: in hospital all the instrument run on electricity and there are very sophisticated so we have plan to also established electric department so the in regular interval the condition of all the wiring can be checked and any problem regarding this can solve easily. For established of electric department and other things we have plan to spend Rs1lakh. NGO(non-government oraganization):- We have also formed a NGO â€Å"innovative youth society† to get fund from international organization, local businessmen and from others.this fund will be utilized to give free treatment as well as medicine for extremly poor, so that no one has to suffer from disease due to lack of money.we have also planned to educate people about hygenic so that they can be healthy. HUMAN RESOURCE:-  ¡ Hospitals are an essential service. Throughout the world, hospitals are facing many challenge including increased costs, per capita decrease in government funding, technology that delivers both less invasive surgery band the capacity to deals with more complex medical interventions.  ¡ As such, one important area of improving and maintaining service delivery is to better manage the HR function and human resource more generally. In many cases this is complicated yet further because people working at hospital site are likely to be employed with specific knowledge by a range of different organizations both from public and private sectors. Our HR department will achieve the following objective in our hospital organization:- Functional objective:- Legal compliance Benefits Union management relation Organizational object HRM Employee Relation Selection criteria Training and development Appraisal Assessment HRM- since in our organization all the workforce are highly skilled so they are to be managed very carefully. Because in India there is lack of skilled labor in healthcare sector. Employee relation:- we have plan to keep proper relation with all the employee so should share all their problems and as much possible we may solve it. So that there satisfaction level may rise and they may become loyal to organisation. Selection criteria:- As we need skilled labor only so we will prefer internal recruitment as well as external too. Internal selection:-As doctor have contact with other doctor and nurse too, so there will be good chance to recruit internal. External selection:- we will also prefer external and for that we will prefer online recruitment. Training and development:- as medical sector is such sector which get changed everyday so it is very important to give training at time interval so that they can improve them self with time. Functional Objective:- Appraisal(360 DEGREE FEEDBACK) Placement Assessment( campus placement in medical colleges) The all objective under HR function will be done by the following department:- Director production Director finance Director personnel/HRM Director marketing Director RD Various study have attempted to link the management of human resources to patient mortality in acute hospitals. So, Through attracting and retaining good nurses through the HR practices magnet we may lower patient mortality rate. Productive measures:- There will be provisions of following act in organization- INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT(STANDING ORDER ACT 1946) there will be provisions related to- Medical aid in case of accident. Railway travel facilities. Method of filling vacancies. Transfers. Liability of manager of the establishment or mine. Service certificate. Exhibition and supply ofStandingOrders. total number employed, number of permanent workmen, number of temporary workmen, number of casual Workmen,] number ofbadlisor substitutes, number of apprentices FINANCIAL OBJECTIVE:- Because its a service and product based idea so its require huge funds to start-up, and as they grow and expand, huge funds to maintain. So the debt-equity philosophy will be maintained. The initial investment to meet the contingencies is around 1.5 crore, will be taken by all the financial resources which will be possible and we will also divide the equal funds for our hospital chain into all five members. After that as well as business will grow then financial resources and all concerning resources will be maintained according to the company profit situation. Bibliography:- https://investmentcommission.in/healthcare.htm https://www.slideshare.net/rajeevgupta/industrial-employment-standing-orders-a https://www.marketsmonitor.com/Healthcare_Industry3.htm https://www.rncos.com/Report/IM054.htm https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id=342769

The Process Of Evolution And Evolution - 1679 Words

Sachs 1 Ella Sachs Mrs.Jarvis AP Biology April 6th, 2015 The Process of Evolution Evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth,† Google. Google. Google, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. Evolution is the reason there is change in the genetic makeup of a population, the reason organisms are linked by common ancestors, and evolution is still happening today because of the constant change in environment. This paper focuses on these subjects within evolution and will explore all areas of the process of evolution that creates diversity and unity in life. One key component of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is a theory, first presented by Charles Darwin, that is well known across the globe. It is the reason why there is change of genetic makeup in evolution. Natural selection is caused by the variation between generations, as well as the survival of different individuals with different combinations of traits. The theory poses that organisms with characteristics that increase their probability of survival will be given the chance to produce more offspring. This means that the organism is more â€Å"fit†. These offsprings are then given the benefiting characteristic. With time more variation throughout the species will develop. For an example of why evolution is dependent on natural selection Berkeley College talks about a population of beetles.Show MoreRelatedEvolution : A Forced Or Natural Process1200 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution: A Forced or Natural Process It all started with a bang, the creation of the universe begun with the expansion of one tiny-dense point. As time begun to pass planets began to form, one planet was able to evolve to the point where it was able to sustain life, human life in particular. 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Popular Culture to Political Economy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Popular Culture to Political Economy. Answer: Introduction: The present debate is based on the impact of wiki leaks on the society. It has been alleged by many countries that web site is harmful to the national security of the national security of any country. However, this debate will make one thing clear that the web site is not harmful to the society; rather it establishes the frame work of freedom of speech and freedom of press. It has been written under the constitution that it is the right of the citizen to know about the policies of the government. It is not enough to know about the internal decisions of government, even the international policies are also important to know. Wiki leaks have given this opportunity to the citizen so that they came across the policies of the government. This debate will clarify the facts. The part that has been chosen in this case is to debate on the topic that whether wiki leaks is dangerous for the society or not. Before getting into the main points, the base and the origin of wiki leaks are required to be mentioned. Wiki leaks are an international organisation, popular for publishing of secret news and the nature of its sources are anonymous (Christensen 2014). The website regarding the wiki leaks was initiated in 2006 and director and founder of the organisation is Julian Assange. Julian Assnge was an Australian activist who is specialised in internet protocols (Wahl-Jorgensen 2014). The present debate is relevant for certain reasons. Since the inception of the organisation, much secret news was being published and people became aware of the government policies regarding many international issues. Over ten million documents have been published since the incorporation of the organisation and many countries including USA had banned the site. It is to be discussed in this case to come into a conclusion whether wiki leaks is dangerous for the society or it has certain positive impacts on the society in general. Wiki leaks become popular in the year 2010, when the web site has released certain documents regarding the collateral murder footage that had been occurred in the year 2007 in Baghdad and many Iraqi journalists were murdered (Johnson 2015). It has also been released that the Iraqi insurgents were responsible for the murder that amounts 109,032 deaths and the airstrike attacks in Baghdad has also been published. The web site has made the whole world shocked by publishing the effects of the diplomatic cables of US state department and the detrimental effect of the same. In the year 2011, the web sites had published secret files regarding the Guantanamo Bay detention camp (Logue and Clegg 2015). It has been alleged that the wiki leaks are not revealed their sources and due to this it becomes problematic for the states to understand the main source of the news and the sources are not possible to be traced out. The key argument in this debate is to discuss the efficacy of the web sites and the positive impact of the web sites on the society. It has been observed that there are certain allegations has been made as against the web site and it has also been stated that the web site is intended to hamper the secrets of the country and become a potential threat for the whole nation. In this debate it will also be stated about the role of the web sites regarding the establishment of freedom of speech for the journalists (Hinduja and Patchin 2014). It has been stated that many countries had banned the site and actions were taken against the director of the web sites. However, all these steps should be treated as arbitrary in nature as the constitution of every State ensure the doctri ne of freedom of speech. Supportive argument: It has been stated under the constitution that transparency is more important than privacy. The government policy is enough to causes difficulties if they are acting arbitrarily. It is the duty of the press to deliver information to the society relating to the governmental policies. Wiki leaks have been doing this job since 2006. It has been stated by many of the sources that the activities of wiki leaks are illegal in nature and the web sites are also alleged to hack the official web sites of a State and release all the secret documents regarding the same. It has been observed in 2016 that the web site has released certain documents regarding the Democratic National Committee in USA and the outcome of the same became detrimental for the electoral member of the party, Hillary Clinton (Sheehan 2013). It has been alleged that Russia is provoking the web site to hack the secret documents and instigate the activities of the web site tremendously. It is important to understand the scope and purpose of the site to understand the goal of the web site. It has been stated by the Director of the web site, Julian Assange that the web site wanted to reveal certain important issues and information to the notice of the public in general. It has also been stated that the web site will also reveal the original material of source to the public. Therefore, a notion about the freedom of speech has been discussed in this case. Similar voice was raised by Julian Assange in the Colbert Report and he told to the reporter that the idea of freedom of speech has been engraved under the several aspects of government and laws. The Bill of Rights of USA also supports the idea of freedom of press. It is the main objective of the press to bring the attention of the public regarding certain current and important issues so that the government will not become a potential threat to the society. There are certain grounds that will reveal the positive impacts of the web sites in the society of America and the society of the Universe as well. It has been reported by many of the news portals that wiki leaks have supported the idea of democracy and it is to be stated that the web site has provided valuable information regarding the States political affairs and clarify the role of the government regarding certain important issues. Many of the organisations think that the web site is a potential threat to the national security, but the web site breaks all the fears regarding the moral prohibition of secrecy. It is a fact that the people are chosen representative to run the country properly. However, if they could not perform their duty properly, it will affect the future of the country. In case of their administrative failure, people have the chance to understand the effect. But in case of the weapon dealings and war crimes, people should not get any clue regarding the same though these are also create detrimental effect on the state. Wiki leaks helped to provide the information that flawed the concept of democracy. Supportive argument In case of every democracy, active participation of the citizen is required and it is the right of the citizen to update them with the available information regarding the government and policies. It is to be stated that the potential threat regarding the government policies are not created by wiki leaks. It helps to understand the role of the government regarding all the political issues. It has also been stated that the site is helping the citizen to understand the real part of the government regarding serious international issues and the citizen got the chance to know about those matters. Therefore, it can be observed that the information revealed by the wiki leaks are important in nature and the citizen are able to know about the government policies regarding the international security and certain matters that are related to the national security (Castells 2015). It has been noticed that the administrative failure of the government can be lead towards the less developed nation and the security policy of the governments are also responsible for the state deterioration. An attempt has been made to black the character of the web site and many States have banned the web site and charged Julian Assange for violating the norms relating to national security. However, certain points are to be kept in mind that are: In a democratic society, it is important to provide information to the citizens and the constitution of every state has given the citizens a right to know the government policies. It has also been stated that in case the government has tried to hide something from the citizen, the same could become one of the potential risks for the interest of the society (Chander and L 2014). Wiki leaks help the society from this aspect. It has also been stated that the security information that have been revealed by the web site did not intended to affect the government, but to establish the transparency in between government and the citizen. It has also been stated that the information regarding the governmental policies have given the citizen to disseminate the facts and know about the real nature of the government in general. There is a proverb in English that truth is never bad. In this case, it is a fact that wiki leaks is intend to publish relevant security documents regarding he state and the effective government policies regarding the matters like terrorism, war and corruptions have been pointed out by the site and it facilitate the concept of democracy. In case of democracy, freedom of press plays an important role (Ardia 2013). The strategies taken by the web site in this regard allows the people of United States to know about the government policies regarding many diplomatic issues and intention of the government to avoid the war crimes and fake encounter. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above mentioned debate, it can be cleared that the base of the wiki leaks stands to improve the democracy and to establish the base of freedom of press. Wiki leaks have critically described the steps taken by the government of USA and it is to be kept in mind that critical components are essential for effective governance. Therefore, it can be said that the web site has created a good implication on the society by establishing the seed of democracy. Reference: Ardia, D.S., 2013. Freedom of speech, defamation, and injunctions. Bauman, S., 2015. Responding to Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, pp.93-108. Castells, M., 2015. Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age. John Wiley Sons. Chander, A. and L, U.P., 2014. Free speech. Christensen, C., 2014. WikiLeaks| WikiLeaks: From Popular Culture to Political Economy~ Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 8, p.5. Hinduja, S. and Patchin, J.W., 2014. Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying. Corwin Press. Johnson, C.N., 2015. Book Review: Beyond WikiLeaks: Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism, and Society. Kowalski, R.M. and Limber, S.P., 2013. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), pp.S13-S20. Logue, D.M. and Clegg, S.R., 2015. Wikileaks and The News of the World: The political circuitry of labeling. Journal of Management Inquiry, 24(4), pp.394-404. Sheehan, K.B., 2013. Controversies in contemporary advertising. Sage Publications. Slonje, R., Smith, P.K. and FrisN, A., 2013. The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in human behavior, 29(1), pp.26-32. Wahl-Jorgensen, K., 2014. WikiLeaks| is WikiLeaks Challenging the Paradigm of Journalism? Boundary Work and beyond. International Journal of Communication, 8, p.12.

Victoria Warren free essay sample

Victoria WarrenAmy ReynoldsEnglish 1213 MWF 103026 February 2018PersistenceDo you give up at the first sign of resistance? The road to success is paved with persistence. Reaching and maintaining other important values or virtues in life all begin with persistence. Although, the meaning of persistence can be something different for everyone we all have the same goal. Persistence builds character, personality traits, and it is the foundation to our success.The Oxford dictionary defines persistence as continuing, firmly, or obstinately in an opinion or course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition . My definition of persistence is quite simple; however, the actual process is tedious and repetitive. I would define persistence as a character trait of a person who is relentless. I would further my definition to include, but not limited to those who despite numerous failed attempts, negativity of others, or discouragement of any shape, form, or fashion to reach personal goals to never give up working towards a goal or negative remarks from others. We will write a custom essay sample on Victoria Warren or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Persistence is something much more difficult to do than an ability. Persistence is not failure. Bill Bradley once said Ambition is the path to success. Persistence is the vehicle you arrive in. persistence is the constant in people who succeed, we often seem to forget this value, stay focused every day until you get the results. No one wants to fail. We learn from our mistakes and progress along the path of life. All along the way, they were prepared to be very flexible and experiment to see what techniques and strategies worked best to get where they wanted to go. No one enjoys the difficulties that life throws our way, but sooner or later it happens. How you decide to overcome these difficulties is what helps determine the level of success. The belief that if you try long enough, hard enough and make adjustments along the way, that sooner or later you will get to your goal. Your optimism is what tells you to keep trying. Persistence is about continuing to do something even when there is good reason to quit. But little do we realize that these ups and downs are challenges thrown at us. To test us. To strengthen. You develop yourself and learn new lessons, you face challenges and obstacles, but the payoff comes when you refuse to give up.us. To toughen us up. never settle. Life will keep giving you things, accept them. But never stop there. Keep moving forwardWith everything good, there is the bad. Just like every aspect in life, persistence has its bad side as well. Generally, when we think of persistence we think it is a good character quality, however, not everyone uses persistence for good. Stalkers are persistent on their focus of objectivity, when a person will use all forces necessary to reach their goals, or when one person who is well informed that another is not romantically interested, yet they continue to make flirtish gestures to the uninterested person. A few of these instances can lead to legal implications such as restraining orders. The opposite of persistence is stubbornness. Persistence is good while stubbornness is bad. Occasionally the bad elements of persistence can arise just as the good elements of stubbornness can. It can be influenced by how persistence is used or demonstrated, especially In conclusion, persistence is a quality of a person who never gives up on themselves or their goals and dreams. It is easy to get discouraged when you continually strive to achieve something, and it does not work out. Persistence is something much more difficult to do than an ability. By always trying to better yourself you will always be a better you. Perseverance is not just a show of trying. It also shows the courage of a person. You simply must stay positive and keep moving.Works CitedOxford Dictionary. 02 2018. Oxford University Press. 21 02 2018. .

Globalization in Politics and on the World peace

Introduction Globalization greatly affects both domestic and international politics. There exist different views and ideas on the effects of this complex multifaceted concept on politics. The cross-border economic and technological activities instigated by international relations have resulted into political changes in international politics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Globalization in Politics and on the World peace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization has created an environment for economic interaction among different states of the world. It has resulted into freer movement of goods, finances, and ideas across the different corners of the globe. Economists view globalization as a platform for equal economic growth in the world as it encourages fair distribution of resources. Political leaders, especially in the poor countries, oppose globalization on the grounds of preserving the nationa l sovereignty of their states. In social perspective, globalization is a phenomenon for enhancement of world social integration. For realists in general, globalization provides an opportunity for powerful nations to exploit the less powerful and poorest countries. In addition, politicians (in poor countries) view the phenomenon as the great perpetuator of hegemony in the world. Neoliberals and the proponents of globalization argue that, globalization is the means to liberalization of the new world order. Other scholars treat globalization as an emerging form of imperialism, which is likely to ruin governance and the political leadership of the less powerful countries. Although there have been significant studies in politics and globalization, there exists very little work on its impact on peace and unity in the world. As argued in this paper, globalization in politics will result into more conflicts in the world. Globalization in politics and the peace in the world Globalization has led into loss of sovereignty in governments. Through globalization, people, goods, money, and ideas have become freer to move than they were before. The government’s control over people and their businesses has therefore reduced (Neil 2004, 123). As a result, people from different states have migrated into nations with favourable trading policies. The high rates of immigration of people due to trade with little control by the government pose a great threat to the peace and unity in the future. First, with the freedom from the government to carry out businesses anywhere in the world, there is likelihood of exchange of illegal goods such as drugs and arms. Such goods, especially drugs, enhance violent acts. Increase in such goods in a state whose sovereignty is low will lead to more people consuming the goods. Availability of drugs for instance, results into increased number of drug abusers within a country. On contemplation, this retrogressive trend subsequently increases the poverty levels since majority of drug abusers do not or are unable to work. Poverty has direct correlation with violence.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, violence characterizes the poverty-stricken nations, with African countries serving exemplarily for this argument. Since the government does not have control in face of globalization, people may engage in violent means such as theft and looting to satisfy their needs. Secondly, the continued loss of sovereignty by most states in the world, due to globalization, may lead to loss of stability of security in the countries. Globalization and the inability to control people may extend to the military forces such that, these forces enjoy freedom analogous to the people in the business world. This phenomenon will expose the state to internal and external attacks such as terrorism. Since globalization enhances fre er mobility of people, it will be difficult to maintain security in such low sovereign states, which would degenerate into conflicts. Thirdly, loss of sovereignty encourages creation of illegal groups, which pose threat to the peace of the world. Political competition within a less sovereign state will result into formation of such groups. In fact, majority of the gangs in the world are results of political competition. These groups further pose threat to the peace in the world. Therefore, through globalization, there is continued loss of sovereignty among states, which exposes nations to more conflicts. The conflicts may further result into violence and therefore destabilizing world peace. Globalization enhances flow of information and ideas. The cross-border flow of economic activities has enhanced the transfer of information across different political states, which affects both the international and domestic politics in a number of ways. First, it influences people in different s tates to demand for transformation of political governance from their states. According to Berger, globalization has enhanced the growth of international media coverage (2000, 47). As a result, it is now easy and cheap for information about the political activities of a particular country or region to flow to the rest of the world. Since the populace make decisions based on the reports from the media, the activities in other countries may instigate actions in other regions of the world. The current unrest in the Muslim countries in Africa and Middle East originated from Tunisia. Given the media coverage, the situation in Tunisia received, other countries such as Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Venezuela, and Yemen became critical to their political leadership. This resulted into mass action to demand for political transformations in these countries. Globalization therefore encourages political liberalism, which may further result into degradation of peace and unity. The political leadership of countries marred by mass actions such as Libya are reluctant to reformation and as a result, these governments initiate counter forces in order to calm the situations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Globalization in Politics and on the World peace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequently, this results into conflicts between the activists and the government forces, which leads to violence. Secondly, the spread of information also results into exchange of political strategies among states or politicians. Because of globalization, politicians of different backgrounds, experience, and ideologies are able to mingle and exchange political ideas. While some of the ideas may be for the good of the public, experience evidences that most of them concentrate on maintaining the political supremacy and self-interest of the politicians. Majority of the African countries face peace threats due to the strong p ositions held by their political leaders. Interestingly, such leaders remain applauded by their international counterparts even though they enjoy less support from their citizens. Through the advice, which these leaders get during international meetings, such as the UN, Common Wealth and African Union conferences, they gain confidence to cling to power against the wish of majority, which is the founding principle of democracy. With this trend, the leadership in most African countries will continue to infringe democratic rights of the people and since globalization continues to promote the flow of ideas on ‘people’s liberalization’ in the world, more politically-instigated violent acts are likely to occur in future. Globalization results into loss in community values including cultural and traditional values. Globalization encourages interaction of people of different social and cultural backgrounds. Cross-cultural adoption among people of different spheres of lif e has been vivid since the 20th century. Blend of cultures and traditions has therefore resulted into loss of the community values in different regions of the world. Loss in community values has adverse effects on domestic politics of a country. Constitutional violation by the political leadership is the obvious effect of loss in community values. A constitution upholds the values of the community, which it governs. Therefore, political leadership’s disregard of these values implies a constitutional infringement. This may result into conflicts between those critical to the constitution and the values and the leadership. Conflicts create tension and uncertainty among people and may lead to wars. Another significant impact of loss in community values to politics is the adoption of practices by the public, which threatens security and hence peace of a nation. Due to globalization, people adopt values of other communities at the expense of theirs. Such practices, which include dr ug abuse among others, encourage deviant behaviours among the people. These behaviours threaten the political stability of the state as such people may involve in violent acts. A state, which does not uphold its community values, is subject to malpractices by the leaders. Corruption and dishonesty are among the malpractices experienced in such states. These practices compromise the governance of the state and could result into conflicts between the people and the leadership, thereby threatening peace and unity.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through globalization, corrupt officials conceal their ‘ill-acquired’ properties and funds in other countries. Political theorists attribute the advanced forms of corruption in African countries to globalization. Generally, loss in community values results into loss in confidence among the citizens to their leaders and this may result into more conflicts and hence wars in future. Conflicts in the Muslim world are results of loss of values of Islam. The influx of non-Muslims and the interaction between the region and other non-Muslim regions through trade and international relations has prompted the loss of Islamic values in those regions. The result has been the disregard of the Sharia law, which forms the basics for governance in the Islamic countries. The Egyptian and Libyan situations apparently illustrates the results of loss of community values to politics, peace, and unity of the world. As previously mentioned, globalization encourages freer flow of goods. This ha s considerable impact on politics, especially when dangerous goods come into play. Trading in arms has become easier and convenient with the globalization and the loss of sovereignty in the states. Due to international trade, militia gangs in Somali and other war-torn countries are able to acquire arms. With the freer trade in culmination with less government control of businesses and mobility of people, there is increased accessibility to guns and other arms. If this trend continues, more than 67% of the population in the world will own these arms in the next 3 years (McGrew 2001, 98). Such statistics are alarming and indeed, indicates a threat to peace and unity. Increase in number of people owning guns and other forms of arms poses security threats in that, people will result into use of violence to resolve their disputes. With the increased armament, there is likelihood to increase in terrorism in the world. Terrorism creates tension and results into conflicts. The long lasting conflicts between the United States and the Middle East are results of terrorism. Tension results from mistrust between the perceived terrorists and the target nations. In such conditions, there is likelihood of conflict, which results into violence and therefore destabilizing peace in the world. Countries with free flow of arms experience conflicts and are centres for prospective wars. It further destabilizes the political order of these countries and may subsequently result into collapse of leadership and governments in such countries. Countries marred by political wars have readily available arms. The availability of these arms in most of the politically war-torn countries such as Somalia is a result of globalization. Through inter-border interactions, government rebels acquire weapons and arms to fight the government thereby causing political instability. Countries with political instabilities pose threat to their security and that of their neighbours. Therefore, with the curren t trends in globalization, the world continues to experience spread of arms and growth in armament and the plausible prediction would be the increase in political instabilities in the world. As a result, globalization will perpetuate conflicts and therefore destabilize peace in the world. Globalization enhances migration of people within the cross-border economies. This has considerable impact on the world politics and peace. Because of international trade, business people move freely to favourable regions (target) of their businesses, which results into increase in population in the target regions. Population increase affects the politics within an economy in two ways: first, it presents a challenge to the political leadership with an extra responsibility to plan and provide for the increased citizens; and second, the political responsibility to control such populations is indeed a challenge. The opportunity provided by globalization for freer movement of people across different st ates is subject to exploitation by non-business people (McGrew 2001, 13). The result will be strain in the budget of these states, as some of the immigrants are not involved in production or business and this trend results into poverty in the highly populated areas. For instance, majority of the poor population of the United States compose of the Southern Americans, most of which are immigrants. Poverty poses threat to peace and unity of a country. The migration encouraged by globalization provides a mean for mobility of the terrorists in the world. Since people are free to move around, there is ease in spread and expansion of terrorism in the world. Through globalization, people of different nationalities are able to shift their originalities to other nationalities to become full citizens by right in the new countries. Such individuals have political rights like any other citizen in that state; they can vie for political positions and get involved in decision-making of vital matter s of the country and this transforms the domestic politics of countries as such people introduce novel strategies of political competition. The outcome of the transformation may however be conflict and tension among the competitors. In fact, the Rwandan genocide was a result of conflict between the perceived immigrants, the Tutsis, and the ‘real’ citizens, Hutus. From the Rwandan case, it is imperative to point out that the growing immigration and changes in nationalities due to globalization may lead to replication of such violence in most countries, especially those with political contentions. The migration, as aforementioned, leads into loss in community values and as previously argued, loss in community values creates tension and hence conflicts. Interrelationship, a result of globalization, enhances power struggle among nations. Globalization enhances interrelationship among different nations. The interrelations may be economic, social, or political. In whatever ca se, the member nations must collectively make decisions in the interrelationships. However, it becomes difficult to ensure equal rights in decision-making for situations of rich-poor country relationship. The rich and powerful countries, especially the developed, tend to believe that their views supersede those of the poor and developing countries (Ian 2000, 169). For instance, European countries such as France and Britain enjoy voting rights in the UN unlike their African counterparts. In the Common Wealth, Britain is the most powerful and major decision maker. Political critics impute the inequality to the rich-powerful dominance over the poor-weak countries. Such inequalities pose threat to the peace in the world. First, the poor countries perceive the inequality as a means of oppression by the powerful countries. Since globalization encourages liberalization and freedom, these countries protest against such oppression by the developed countries. The result is a continued tension among the rich and poor countries. This tension may lead into conflicts and wars between the rich and poor countries. Therefore, the struggle for supremacy puts the world peace at stake. Secondly, the inequality among these nations results into imposition of policies to the poor countries by the rich nations. Some of the policies may be practically inapplicable in the politics of the developing countries; the policies may either enhance violence or interfere with the ‘order of politics’ in those countries. Political disorder creates anxiety among the citizens, which is a threat to peace. The power struggle among the rich countries is another factor threatening the peace in the world. Some nations struggle to prove the most powerful over the others. The result is therefore that the decisions made in the international politics do not focus on improving the ‘world order’ rather than a revelation for power and influence by majority of the richest nations. This may lead into competition among these countries to prove their mighty. Lessons of the 1990’s Cold War show that, competition for the mighty may lead to conflicts and wars; it was due to competition for ‘who is powerful’ that led to the infamous Cold War (conflicts) between the former Soviet Union and the United States. As long as globalization bears, power struggle among various nations will continue and the future peace of the world will remain uncertain. Globalization enhances exchange and imposition of policies by the rich countries to the poor countries. Through the international relations and cross-border economic activities, countries are able to exchange policies. However, the exchange has resulted into imposition of policies to the weak nations by the powerful countries (Leo 2006, 500). The colonization of most African, Asian, and South American countries by the European countries during and before the 19th century presents a lesson to the today’s historians and scholars on the intention of the rich and powerful countries to the poor nations. Analogous to the colonial times, the aim of the rich countries is to assimilate the developing countries into their policies. It is important to note that such ‘imported policies’ cannot work in the indigenous countries. Instead, such policies transform the political situations into arenas of conflicts and such conflicts often result into violence. In addition, the imposition of policies results into loss of the sovereignty of the state, which further threatens future peace of the specific country. The contention in the rich-poor relationship is due to the imposition of policies to the poor countries by the rich countries. The current increasing protests to the International Criminal Court by most of the African countries clearly illustrate the effect of policy imposition. Assimilation into other policies interferes with the legal framework of the indigenous countries, ther eby contravening the rights of the citizens in these countries. In the face of globalization, people across the world have become resilient and sensitive to oppression. The result of imposition would therefore be mass actions and political unrest in these countries. Although globalization encourages policy exchange among the rich and poor countries, the rich stresses on the adoption of theirs. To political critics, the imposition is a tool for oppression to the poor countries and its perpetuation presents the cause for prospective conflicts and wars. The imposition is another form of colonization in the 21st century, which is advancement of neo-colonialism. Since developing countries would like to maintain their sovereignty and independence, such impositions receive wide oppositions from these countries. Probably, the opposition may be through mobilization of the public actions, which may interfere with the peace of these nations. Globalization enhances exchange and imposition of po licies among various nations in the world and therefore, transforming the political situations of various countries. The transformation may create tension and thus conflicts. According to international trade theory, globalization is a phenomenon that greatly alters the principles of politics, both the international and world politics. â€Å"It is a further development of a growing interdependence, which further transforms the principles of world politics† (Kapitoneko 2009, 589). Globalization achieves this through â€Å"bringing in non-state actors†¦and shifting their strategies from military and strategic to economic and social needs† (Kapitoneko 2009, 589). As discussed earlier in this paper, these factors have resulted into polarization of the borders of various states. Furthermore, it has led to freer movement of goods and labour. Based on the second factor of shift on focus from military empowerment to economic and social expansion, it is clear that globaliza tion focuses on economic efficiency at the expense of the military. Since the state engages in long-term co-operations in order to achieve the above strategies of globalization, it encourages more people to cross into their borders. This poses great threat to the peace of the state. The opening of the borders for freer accessibility of the country by more people in the name of partners in cooperation provides an opportunity exploitable by people with bad intentions. In addition, since the states’ support to the military has greatly reduced, it becomes easier for such people to enter these states. Such people may be terrorists or other kinds of illegal gangs in the world. The co-operation for economic expansion at the expense of security of the state simply exposes states to the attacks by such gangs. Further contemplation reveals that the diminishing focus on military and security in favour of economic growth through globalization will result into creation of more gang groups like Al Qaeda; a threat to the peace in the world and therefore cause political disarrays in the world. The growth in interdependence due to globalization further makes some governments passive in decision-making. Interdependence promotes collective making of vital decisions and as a result, some states leave some decisions for advice from their international co-operation. Based on the earlier argument, this may result into conflict. Again, due to perception of the rich and powerful countries on the poor states, some decisions may be biased and offensive to the rights of the citizens. Subsequently, this may result into tension and therefore conflicts. Therefore, by altering the principles of the world politics, globalization creates tension and a prospective for future conflicts and wars. The movement of some states to the territories of others facilitated by globalization presents potential causes of conflicts. With the globalization and the international co-operation, states are freer to enter into other states and such entrances influence the politics of the both states in two ways: first, it transforms the politics of these states since the co-operation may involve influencing some key policies. For instance, the entry of the United States into Iraqi government influenced the nation to persecute and execute the former president, Saddam Hussein. The entry may call for constitutional changes and thereby considerably changing the politics of such states. However, some entry of states into others may result into chaos. Although, for instance, the American entry into Middle East in search of terrorists seemed justifiable, it resulted into resistance by majority of the people in that region. This further degenerated into conflict between the citizens and the US soldiers. The entry into other countries, accelerated by globalization, may lead to conflicts and wars. Secondly, the entry interferes with the ‘political order’ of the other nations. When a country enters into the matters of another state, it disrupts the order of the ‘operation of political’ systems in that country. This disruption may be either because of the adjustments required for the issues raised by the other state or due to disorganization, which the entry brings into the other state. Entrance, which disrupts the policies of a state, also creates friction between the states and may result into conflicts. The entrance is more detrimental when it comes into rich states entering into poor states. Critics perceive the entrance as â€Å"hegemony and a means to exploit the poor state† (Monbiot 2001, 45). Again, this results into conflict between the states. While liberals argue that the relationship between such states enhances checks and balances against the states’ governments, to critics, it is an opportunity by the powerful nations to exploit the weak states. The political entrance of states into other states may influence the policies of governance of such states to infringe the rights of the citizens, thereby calling for unrest within those states. Political unrest is a prospective cause of future conflicts and wars and indicates the instability of peace in the future world. Conclusion The globalization effects on politics will result into increase in conflicts in the world. As argued in the preceding discussion, globalization has led to loss of state’s sovereignty in the world. The result of loss in sovereignty is the increased mobility of people, finances, ideas and goods, with little state’s control. The high rates of immigration of people due to trade with little control by the government, pose a great threat to the peace and unity in the future. The freedom by the government to carry out businesses anywhere in the world increases the likelihood of exchange of illegal goods such as drugs and arms. Such goods, especially drugs, enhance violent acts. Increase in such goods in a state whose sover eignty is low, will lead to more people consuming those goods. High number of drug abusers within a state puts the peace and unity of a country at risk. Globalization enhances flow of information and ideas. The cross-border flow of economic activities has enhanced the transfer of information across different political states. The information flow through the liberalized media sensitizes the public, which further enhances violent acts. Loss in community values has adverse effects on domestic politics of a country. Constitutional violation by the political leadership is the obvious effect of loss in community values. A constitution upholds the values of the community, which it governs. Therefore, if the political leadership disregards these values, it implies a constitutional infringement, which may result into conflicts between those critical to the constitution and the values and the leadership. Trading in arms has become easier and convenient with the current globalization and the loss of sovereignty in various governments. In the light of international trade, militia gangs in war-torn countries are able to acquire arms. With the freer trade in culmination with less government control of mobility of people, there is increased accessibility to guns and other arms. In making decisions in international relations, the rich and powerful countries, especially the developed, tend to believe that their views supersede those of their poor and developing countries and this creates tension among the nations thereby causing conflict. The movement of some states to the territories of other states presents potential causes of future conflicts. With the globalization and the international co-operation, states are freer to enter into other states. This, as argued, further results into conflicts. It is therefore justifiable that globalization will promote conflicts in the world. Reference List Berger, Suzanne. 2000. Globalization and Politics. Annual Review 3, no. (August/Sep tember): 43-62. Ian, Holliday. 2000. Is the British State Hollowing Out? The Political Quarterly 71, no.2 (February/ March): 167–176. Kapitonenko, Mykola. 2009. Globalization, nation-state, and global security arrangements. Europolis 6, 586-603. Leo, Christopher. 2006. Deep Federalism: Respecting Community Difference in National Policy. Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 3 (July/August): 481-506. McGrew, Anthony. 2001. Globalization and global politics. Cambridge: Polity Press. Monbiot, George. 2001. Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain. London: Pan Press. Neil, Brenner. 2004. New State Spaces: Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood. New York: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Globalization in Politics and on the World peace was written and submitted by user Chase Stein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

color purple essays

color purple essays At the tender age of fifteen, Celie, the main character in Alice Walkers The Color Purple is raped by whom she knows as her Pa. Pa forces himself upon Celie and she gets big or pregnant, not once, but twice. When Pa takes the children away, the first a boy and the second a girl, Celie believes that he kills them. The reader gathers from her letters to God, that she is not very educated, and she seems a little on the dumb side. She does not like, or fully understand the idea of her children being taken away from her, but knows that there is nothing she can do about it. This realization is a crucial point in the development of Celies character. She seems to understand that her life will always be rough, and adapts to it by learning to ignore things she doesnt like. She slips into her own world, a happy place, where no harm can enter and she is safe. This adaptation will help her to get through life, since it turns out to be a constant struggle. Celies mother died not too long after sh e had her children. Her mother cursed at her, in her final words, after she was told what her husband had done to Celie. She had thought that Celie was sleeping around, but when she found that the children were her husbands, it killed her. She was not happy about that and instantly blamed Celie. After her mother died, the rape continued and began for Nettie, Celies younger sister. Celie didnt want it to happen to Nettie, for she loved her too much. Celie told Nettie to run far away, and never come back. Fonso (their stepfather) then sold Celie to Mr. _____. He had no need for her anymore, for he thought she was ugly and dumb, while he wanted to keep Nettie, whom he believed to be pretty all to himself. He wouldnt let Mr._____ have Nettie. Mr.______ needed someone to take care of his children and his home, and Celie was dumb, ugly, and helpful around the house. (in his eyes) The conflict between Fo ...

Description of Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

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Let them die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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How Dell Uses Effective Strategy to Gain Competitive Advantage - Dissertation Example Dell being among the primary sellers of computers is what has led to the question of what type of strategy is often utilized. Learning about the type of strategy being initiated by Dell is significant as it enables the reader to understand what it takes to be the best in the market. Therefore, the strategy that is being utilized by Dell Corporation is the direct sales approach. Dell Corporation direct sales approach is one of the most successful strategic innovations of the past that has generated positive results for the company. The firm was able to come up with a model that undercuts its competitors on price, forge closer links with its clients and offer shareholders a return several times as compared to the market price. Significantly, Dell’s direct sales model was initially singularly suited with the intention of maximizing the cash conversion cycle. The firm was able to carry little inventory in the process because it bought components on a just-in-time basis. The signif icance of the approach is customers often paid Dell Corporation more quickly than it paid suppliers, and, as a result, cash flow at Dell was positive. Furthermore, little inventory for Dell led to the reduction in component costs that could easily be passed rapidly to clients. The outcome of the process, therefore, led the firm to improve its competitive position in the market. Furthermore, the direct sales model made Dell an industry and shareholder’s sweetheart, a high-tech pioneer with seemingly limitless growth.

Managing Urban Green Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay

Managing Urban Green Spaces Environmental Sciences Essay In the past recent decades there has been an increase in urbanisation and urban sprawl, which has resulted in a decline of green spaces, especially in urban areas. This has contributed towards a degradation of the natural environment, as developments are overtaking rural areas at an increasingly rapid rate. Furthermore, this has also had an impact on climate change as less green spaces increases the effects of global warming. This also creates other environmental issues as urban areas have a high risk of flooding due to lack of green or open space. This creates social problems as higher pollution levels in urban areas also create health problems. These factors also create economic problems, for example it is expensive to recover from disasters, especially as the impacts of flooding are higher when there is less green space. Therefore careful and sustainable management of urban green spaces is especially important for social, environmental and economic reasons. These processes have le d towards the developed of new techniques and schemes for managing and creating urban green spaces. Urban green spaces are areas of land that consist of permeable surfaces such as grass, trees and soil. Examples include parks, play areas, areas specifically intended for recreational use, private gardens, and urban woodlands (Dunnett et al 2002). The aim of the following essay is to discuss critically the environmental, economic and social aspects of managing urban green spaces. In order to achieve this aim the essay will be split into three main sections. Section one will look at the characteristics of the environmental problem the nature of these problems and who is affected by them, linking this into how environmental problems create economic problems. Section two will look at what is and what could be done to address the environmental problems, such as new forms of green spaces such as green roofs. It will also look at the economic aspects of these courses of action and economic valuation of urban green spaces. It will argue that making a city greener can increase its economic performance, and lead to sustainable economic growth. However, the final part of the essay will challenge this, arguing that creating urban green spaces may not be the best solution for economic sustainability. Finally, the conclusions reached are t hat there needs to be a well managed balance of green and built areas in cities. Market failures in the urban land market Today we realise that we must protect networks of open space (Benedict and McMahon 2002:3). Regarding natural resource use, market forces determine the choices people make. However, resources such as urban green spaces do not have securely enforced property rights which result in a lack of markets. Therefore, environmental resources cannot be directly traded in an open market which leads to externality problems. Thus, due to market failures the full costs are not represented in the private costs (Panayotou 2000). The structure of the market fails to maximise social welfare, and the true cost to society is higher than the private costs to the producer as property rights are neither defined nor enforced, the private costs of using environmental resources is zero (Gwartney et al 2000). Therefore producers have no incentive to protect environmental resources (Cropper and Griffiths 1994). To illustrate this problem of environmental externalities Pigou (1932) used the example of a company who builds a factory in a residential area and thus destroys some of the amenities of the ne ighbouring sites. The result is that the company sells its products at a lower price than the full costs felt by the society. Consequently, as a result of these market failures there has been a rapid increase of urbanisation and urban sprawl without efficient land-use planning, and conservation of environmental resources. Nationally, urban areas consist of approximately 14% green space (Comber et al 2008). However, the United Nations (2001, cited in Tzoulasa et al 2007) estimated that in Europe the level of urbanisation will increase to almost 80% by 2015, which will result in a further loss of urban green spaces. Environmental amenities are usually ignored or underestimated by urban planners, resulting in a shrinking of urban green spaces that have gradually been taken over by urban development (Kong et al 2007). Therefore urban development projects create negative externalities (Tyrvà ¤inen and Và ¤Ãƒ ¤nà ¤nen 1998). This level of urban growth presents numerous environmental challenges for tackling environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Less green space contributes to global warming, which is especially important in cities where the mean pollution levels are higher. Urbanisation replaces green spaces with impermeable built surfaces which causes negative environmental effects as green spaces provide rainwater interception and infiltration, evaporative cooling, and shading functions (Gill et al 2007). Furthermore, urban areas are more at risk to global warming due to the lack of green spaces, and urban areas are usually hotter than the surrounding countryside. In urban areas, the concentration of buildings and paved surfaces creates higher temperatures, this is known as the heat island effect (Dunnett et al 2002). City centres can be up to 7 °c hotter than the surrounding countryside (Hilliam 2010).Furthermore, build environments restricts wind flow wh ich in turn restricts the dispersal of pollutants, and causes an increase in surface run-off from rainfall. Furthermore, levels of pollution are higher in urban areas as emissions mainly come from the use of private vehicles (Morancho 2003). It is important to tackle these issues as in 2003, during the European summer heat wave, 35,000 lives were lost (Gill et al 2007). Moreover, tackling environmental issues in urban areas is especially important as in 2001 nearly eight of every ten people in the United Kingdom lived in urban areas (Pointer 2005). Therefore due to a higher population and an increase of built surfaces, urban areas are where climate change impacts will be mostly felt in these areas (Gill et al 2007). Therefore as the level of urbanisation increases, this create environmental externalities as urban developers ignore the external environmental costs. This also has economic impacts as a lack of green space can increase the costs of public infrastructure and services such as, flood control and storm water management. Lack of green areas increases a communitys susceptibility to natural disasters, as green spaces tackle climate change through carbon storage, and flood protection (Goode 2006). Furthermore, a lack of green spaces was often seen to be the main motive for people leaving the city, as they moved to the urban fringe for more green space (Van-Herzele and Wiedemann 2003). Therefore this results in economic decline of an area as people move out. This then results in lower property values, which can act as a poverty magnet, attracting less wealthy people. This makes it hard to secure investment or attract and retain business in the area. A lack of green space also has negative impacts on tourism as fewer people will want to visit the area (Crompton 2001). Furthermore, a lack of green space creates health issues which are costly for the economy as an unhealthy society increases the costs of health care to UK tax payers (Mell 2008). Therefore the demand for urban green spaces exceeds supply, which results in consumer shortage. Furthermore a rising concern for environmental and economic impacts of urban green space have resulted in a growing interest in, and a need for more urban green space (Shaw et al 2007). For example, in Greater Manchester the proportion of tree cover is fairly low, with an average of 12% cover, and 16% in urbanised Greater Manchester (Gill et al 2007). The next part of the essay will discuss how to tackle these environmental and economic problems. efforts to preserve natural areas, acquire new greenspace, initiate plantings, and manage existing greenspace resources. Solution to the problem Urban green spaces have many benefits which can be divided into market benefits and non-market benefits. Non-market benefits fall into three categories: use, option and existence value. Option value occurs when the future benefits are uncertain and depletion of the resource is irreversible. Existence value refers to the knowing the resource exists, and use value is from the direct use of the resource. Total value is the sum of all three. Thus, urban green spaces have existence value, and direct use value, such as recreational use. Furthermore, urban green spaces create consumer surplus, which is the difference between what one is willing to pay (WTP) and what one actually pays, as the cost of using urban green spaces is usually free (Goodstein 2010). The issues discussed above raises the need for protection and allocation of urban green spaces. In 2004-2005 local authorities in the UK spent an estimated  £700 million on renovating and maintaining urban green spaces (Comber et al 2008). Furthermore, Londons draft Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in May 2010 (online), proposes that there is a need to increase the citys green spaces by creating small green spaces, which will help to absorb rain on wet days and cool the city on hot days. Therefore, green spaces are multifunctional, which is one the key aspects why urban green space are important for tackling environmental, social and economic issues. For example, regenerating a park may increase tourism and result in fewer medical expenses. Developing green spaces in urban areas is one way to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change. Urban green spaces have many environmental functions that provide areas within the built environment where adaptation to climate change c an take place (Gill et al 2007). Therefore making cities greener with parks, more trees and green roofs will provide cooling and ventilation, as well as water storage and infiltration (Bulkeley and Betsill 2003). Urban green spaces can also help to reduce pollution, and act as sinks for carbon dioxide which is a major contributor to global warming (Dunnett et al 2002). In cities, gardens and parks absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which come from private vehicles in urban transport (Morancho 2003). Vegetation, particularly trees reduce air pollution by absorbing pollutants in the air, and by intercepting particulate matter. Hence 20 trees can offset the pollution from a car driven 60 miles per day. Therefore trees can form a buffer round sources of pollution to control the effects. Plants reduce the urban heat island effect by shading heat absorbing surfaces and through evapotranspirational (ET) cooling, and evidence has shown vegetation lowers wall surface temperatures by 17 °C (McPherson 1994). This has led to the phrase park cool island to contrast urban heat island (Gill et al 2007). This will ensure economic sustainability as less money will be needed to recover from natural disasters, and climate change impacts (Hilliam 2010, Goode 2006). In such a congested environment, existence of greenery along the streets and small parks within residential zones are considered to improve air quality. This creates social benefits from direct use such as recreational use and health benefits as a higher proportion of green space and less air pollution is associated with a better population health (Popham and Mitchel 2007). Health improvements lead to economic benefits, as a healthy community costs less to the economy. There is a growing recognition that green space can increase activity and will ensure a healthy population, which is essential for economic growth, as health benefits from urban green spaces would lower costs of health care to UK tax payers (Mell 2008). This results in economic sustainability as healthier communities work longer hours, take less sick days and cost less money in health benefits (Goode 2006). Bird (2004 cited in Tzoulasa et al 2007) found that if people live closer to green space then they are more likel y to undertake physical activity, which would save the UKs National Health Service up to  £1.8million a year. Moreover, inactivity in children often results in inactive adults, which costs the economy approximately  £8.2billion (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Therefore, protecting and creating green spaces ensures there is economic sustainability through a healthier society (Amati and Taylor 2010). Thus a key feature of green spaces is that they provide multiple benefits to communities and the economy (Dunnett et al 2002). Urban green spaces can act as catalysts for wider economic benefits, such as increase in property prices, attracting and retaining businesses and an important role in attracting tourists to urban areas. This is a key part of the solution for economic growth as urban green spaces makes cities more desirable and this can result in local economic stimulation (Dunnett et al 2002). Green amenities attract the highly skilled, who pursue a higher standard of living and quality of life, Florida (2002) describes how green spaces can attract creative class workers and the businesses that hire them. Moreover, employers locate in areas where the skilled want to live and this further attracts skilled workers, and high-end restaurants and retail stores. Therefore urban green spaces can raise a citys economic growth. Cities with more skilled workers experience an increase in population, house price and wages. Additionally, people who are highly educated will also be more likely to support investmen ts for environmental protection and are usually willing to pay higher prices for environmental quality. Furthermore, a greener city will also have an insurance against recessions as the city remains attractive and people still want to live there. This will pull other industries into the area over time. Therefore it is important to protect existing urban green spaces. Londons Green Belt is an example of an attempt to reduce development in order to improve the environment by restricting housing supply (Kahn 2006). The Mayor of London has set targets to plant 10,000 more street trees by 2012, and enhance up to 1,000 hectares of green space (Environmental Agency 2010). Additionally, new methods, such as green roofs have been developed to increase green space in urban areas. A green roof is the roof of a building that is covered by vegetation, most common are turf roofs. They have several purposes which are similar to urban green space in general such as cooling the heat island effect and absorbing rainwater. They also provide insulation and create habitats for wildlife. The benefits can therefore be divided into private and public benefits. Private economic benefits include saving energy cost and an increase in roof life. Public benefits include storm-water management (Dunnett and Kingsbury 2004). Currently there is only one green roof in Manchester. These trends raise the need for green space protection and allocation, which in turn requires estimates of the value of green spaces (Kong et al 2007). Due to their lack of values, expressed in monetary terms, green spaces are often not considered in cost-benefit analyses of urban planning policies. Therefore, there is a risk they will fall below the social optimum. Furthermore, it is the failure of the market system, as discussed above, which creates the need for economic measures to value environmental services and guide policymaking (Freeman 1993). Environmental quality is an economic good that people are willing to pay (WTP) for. Urban green spaces have non-market benefits and therefore do not have a market price. Thus there is a need for economic measures to values these amenities. Several methods have been developed to value non-market amenities such as the travel cost method, the contingent valuation method (CVM) and the hedonic pricing models. The hedonic pricing method uses house prices to quantify environmental amenities by how much consumers are WTP. The hedonic pricing model is a revealed preference method and is based actual behaviour in the market. Properties have many characteristics which reflect the selling prices such as housing structure, neighbourhood and environmental amenities. The monetary value of each characteristic is calculated by observing the differences in the market price of commodities sharing the same attributes. Once all the characteristics are collected the next step is to measure the portion of the property price that is attributable to each characteristic (Boyle and Kiel 2001) . By using the hedonic pricing method the value of green spaces can be estimated from the prices of related actual market house transactions (Kong et al 2007). This method has been used to show the value of changes in the environment by looking at how the value of the average home changes when the environment changes, for example a new park is created. Therefore the amenity of urban green spaces can be valued in monetary terms according to how much people are willing to pay for such benefits in their housing. The concept of hedonic pricing is that property values can be affected by the presence of urban green spaces. Green spaces can have a positive impact on house prices. There is usually a shortage of land in urban areas, and therefore an increase in green spaces will increase the positive amenity values. proximity to urban green spaces has a positive impact on property values, while proximity to negative impacts such as highways reduces property values, as it is desirable to live close to a park, and people are willing to pay higher prices. Especially in city centres where demand for land is high, open spaces are often subject to develop ment pressures. The demand for a property increases with the creation of new green spaces nearby (Tajima 2003). This then increases the price of those properties as numerous studies have shown that property values are typically 8-20 percent more expensive if they are located near a park (Crompton 2000). The real estate market often reveals that people are willing to pay higher prices for properties located close to parks and open spaces, than for homes that do not (Crompton 2000). The creation of a new park nearby increases the demand for a property, which in turn raises the price of those properties. Therefore, in dense urban areas the value of nearby parks and green space can be one of the key selling points and a stronger feature than lot itself (Tajima 2003). Morancho (2003) did a study in Castellà ³n (Spain) and found there was an inverse relationship between the selling price of the dwelling and its distance from a green urban area. According to the estimates obtained, every 100  m further away from a green area means a drop of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1800 in the housing price. Therefore, Green spaces in city centres are also an important aspect of the citys character, such as Royal Parks in London. Urban amenities are becoming increasingly important as cities compete for skilled workers. Help to build a good reputation of an area, which will further increase house prices and encourage people to move there. This enables the community to grow economically, without damaging the environment, and simultaneously create a desirable place to live for present and future generations (Benedict and McMahon 2002). Urban green areas also benefit more people as the city draws more people into the area, such as residents, commuters, and tourists (Tajima 2003). Hedonic valuation can also be applied to retail situations as people are willing to pay about ten percent more for products in greener shopping areas (Miller and Wise 2004). Therefore to reduce the impact of urbanisation, allocation of new and protection of existing urban green spaces is required to ensure economic growth (Kong et al 2007). DeSanto and others ( 1976 ) used the least-cost approach to compare trees and mechanical air pollution control devices to maintain air quality standards for particulates and sulfur dioxide in St. Louis, MO. They determined that open space plantings were over three times as cost-effective for controlling sulphur dioxide as scrubbers located in power plants. Benefits from trees are environmental externalities because these benefits are not reflected in consumer prices we do not pay money to trees for cooling homes. McPherson 1992. Urban green spaces in isolation will not increase economic growth However, not all green spaces are equally beneficial. To ensure that urban green spaces enhance economic growth, they must be well maintained, safe and secure. Over the past recent decades there has been a decline in the quality of urban green spaces in England. This can be linked to the declining budgets for local authorities over the past 20 to 25 years (Dunnett et al 2002). This has a negative economic effect as green spaces that are dangerous or unmanaged are likely to decrease the value of nearby homes, which would lead to economic decline (Crompton 2001). Furthermore if green spaces are perceived to be overgrown or unmanaged this may have a negative effect on peoples well-being by increasing anxiety caused by fear of crime (Tzoulasa et al 2007). Research shows that open spaces which a most highly values are those which enhance the qualities of urban life and offer a variety of opportunities (Burgess et al 1988). If there is a lack of facilities or the area in poor condition the n people are less likely to use it. Evidence suggests that lower-income suburban areas may have a larger proportion of poor-quality green space. Thus even if green spaces are in large quantities, if they are of poor quality then economic and health benefits are not felt by the population (Popham and Mitchel 2007). Additionally, if green spaces are poorly managed so that they become inaccessible, then less people will use them, especially the elderly or people with disabilities. Therefore, quality as well as quantity of green space is a key factor. Moreover, McConnell and Walls (2005) argue for the importance of distinguishing between different types of open space. The value of green spaces depends on its usage for example, whether it is a well managed park or an open field. Barker (2003) also reported that the value of open space depends strongly on its location and use. Green space in the urban core was valued higher than greenbelt land. Anderson and West (2006) show that the value of open space depends on the type of open space, how far away it from the house and the neighbourhood characteristics. They find that benefits from open space range from a low of 0.0035% of sale price for every 1% decrease in the distance to the nearest neighbourhood park, to a high of 0.034% for every 1% decrease in the distance to the nearest lake. Furthermore, the net result of restricting housing supply is that prices are driven up. This results in poverty magnets in areas with low property prices, resulting in a segregation of the poor and urban social problems. For example, Glasgow has lost population over time, and relative poverty has grown. Therefore Londons pursuit to a greener city could further increase house prices and it could be argued that a city can become too green when economic growth is damaged. An upward pressure on house prices could have a negative impact on some residents and first time buyers as it would squeeze out the poorer renters and new immigrants (Kahn 2006). The constraints on housing supply are already high and this will be exacerbated if more green space is created or current green space is not used for development. The result of this limited supply would not lead to economic sustainability as it would limit economic growth. Therefore it will not necessarily lead to a sustained economic growth n ationally, but only benefits certain regions (Kahn 2006). It is often the wealthier people who benefit most, as studies have shown that vegetation and tree cover is lower in residential areas with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation. Therefore only certain areas benefit as less wealthy areas might not be able to afford to maintain new green spaces (Pauleit et al 2005). Moreover, an increased economic wealth will also increase the values of losses; making the cost to restore damages after a disaster much greater (Shaw et al 2007). Therefore, there are difficulties in coming to a firm conclusion. Therefore, conserving green spaces may restrict the supply of valued goods, such as housing, shops, offices or private open space. This results in distributional effects as those landowners who can build get an increase in their asset value, whereas those unable to develop will experience a reduction in asset values. Part of the market failure associated with urbanisation is the increase in land prices imposed on existing inhabitants by additional workers. Furthermore, policies of containment, such as greenbelts, may increase energy use as commuters move out beyond the greenbelt which results in longer commuter journeys. Therefore it could be argued that policy in the UK restricts urban growth which leads to higher costs and welfare losses. Hence land regulation can have adverse economic effects as it diverts resources from other growth activities. Therefore the solution maybe not regulating land markets but regulating or taxing energy markets (Cheshire). However, the value open space is contextual as it rises with increased income. Open space is a normal good, and therefore has a higher value in richer areas. The value is also higher in high density areas, which suggests that public green areas are a substitute for private open space (Anderson and West 2006). Therefore the willingness to pay for environmental quality is highly elastic with respect to income. literature has also examined the degree to which brown cities have to pay higher wages (i.e. combat pay) to lure high quality workers relative to high quality of life cities. Kahn 2006 having a clear narrative voice, making judgements and interpreting others work and also the data. economic and policy concepts. Conclusion To conclude, this essay has highlighted the environmental problem of urbanisation, explaining how this is a result of market failures. It has also shown how this can lead to economic problems. This essay then goes on to argue that a solution would be preserving, maintaining and developing new green spaces in urban areas. It goes on to explain the environmental, social and economic benefits of urban green spaces. It also highlights the hedonic pricing method, which shows how urban green spaces can be valued. It also argues that green spaces create economic benefits by increasing property values. However, the latter part of the essay challenges this, arguing that not all green spaces is equally beneficial. It also argues that preserving green spaces could also have a negative impact as the cost of land increases further, resulting in large increase in house prices. Therefore, it is important to maintain urban green spaces for the many environmental, economic and social benefits. However, this cannot be in isolation as for green spaces to be beneficial they must be well maintained and managed. Furthermore if too much green space is protected then this could have negative impacts overall. Therefore urban land policies need to be well managed in order to achieve the maximum benefits. Furthermore, methods other than land protections could also be used, such as taxes.