Case Study Geo: Mt St Helens

Case Study of Mount St. Helens Date: 18th May, 1980 Time: 8:30-8:33 8: 30—ash and steam erupted. 8:32—earthquake of magnitude 5. 1 on the Richter scale caused the bulge on the north side of the mountain to move forwards and downwards, releasing material that formed a landslide of rock, glacier, ice, and soil that moved downhill to fill Spirit Lake. However, the water only reinforced it, and it moved rapidly down the northern fork of the Toutle Valley. The mudflow reached Baker Camp, but the floodwater continued down the valley and the sediment blocked Portland’s port on the Columbia River. :33—The exposed magma exploded sideways, which sent out blast waves of volcanic gas, steam, and dust, which is called a ‘nuee ardente’. This moved northwards for 25 km. Within this range every form of life, like plants and animals, were destroyed. For the rest of the morning, a series of eruptions took place, which ejected gas, ash, and volcanic ‘bombs ’, or simply rocks. The thicker ash rose 20 km into the air and drifted eastwards before settling. The volcanic ‘plume’, or could, of fine ash reached the eastern coast of the USA three days later, and several days later, the ash had completely encircled the world.Location: Mount Saint Helens (stratovolcano) is in North America, in the Cascada mountain range. Skamania County, Washington State, USA. Plates involved: Juan de Fuca plate and the North American Plate. Types of boundary and crust: Oceanic (Juan de Fuca) and Continental (North American) crusts. The margin is destructive, also known as a convergent boundary. It’s also a Subduction Zone, as the Juan de Fuca plate is subducted under the North American Plate. Warning Signs On March 20th there was a minor earthquake, which measured 4. 1 on the Richter scale.Tremors happened for the next few days until the 27th of March, when there was actually a small eruption of steam and ash, which left a crater aro und 250 feet wide. On March 30th there were 79 earthquakes on the mountain. After that minor eruptions occurred daily. On April 3rd there were harmonic tremors signaling the movement of magma deep within the mountain. The crater was 1500 feet wide then. Explosions of ash, ice, and rock were happening almost daily. A harmonic tremor is a sustained release of seismic and/or infrasonic energy most often related to the underground movement of magma and/or the venting of volcanic gases from magma.In late April/early May the north side of the mountain had begun to bulge by 1. 5 meters per day, indicating a build-up of magma and an increase in pressure. By then the mountain had lost its perfect cone shape. It was given the name ‘Mount Fuju of America’. What happened? Impacts? Economic All buildings and manmade structures within the vicinity of Spirit Lake were buried. More than 200 houses and cabins were destroyed and damaged in Skamania and Cowlitz Counties. Bridges, roads, t rails, were also destroyed by the eruption. More than 185 miles of highways and 15 miles of railways were also damaged.Around 12% of the total crop was ruined by settling dust. Fruit and alfalfa were hit the hardest. Crops and livestock on valley floors were lost due to flooding. Unemployment around the region of the volcano rose tenfold immediately after the eruption, about weeks following the disaster. This returned to normal after the area was cleaned up. Tourism was nearly crippled in the area after the volcano erupted, however, this was quickly remedied as tourists began pouring in, eager to see the results of the incident. Social Of course the destroying of the houses and cabins led to many people being homeless.The ash coming from the eruption hindered the smooth running of car engines in three states. Trees caused a logjam 60 km away, carried away by floodwater. Electricity supplies were interrupted and telephone wires were cut. Many other electronic equipment malfunctioned due to the layers of ash and the fine ash that drifted into the engines or structures. Transportation was also affected because railways and highways were closed down. The ash also limited visibility, so it was dangerous on the roads. Ash accumulation stopped airplanes from taking off in airports around the area.Environmental Many tens of thousands of acres of prime forest were destroyed or heavily damaged. Every tree in the 250 km2 blast zone north of the volcano was totally flattened and destroyed. 10 million or so trees had to be replanted. Like with the trees, nothing alive, or inanimate, survived the eruption within the blast zone. Game animals like elks, bears, and deer perished in the area as well; Around 7000 of them died. However smaller rodents and such animals were able to survive, as they were below ground level and/or water surface when the volcano erupted.Salmon and other fish were lost when the hatcheries were destroyed, and an estimated of 40,000 young salmon were lo st when they were forced to swim through hydroelectric turbine blades. After the eruption Mount St. Helens was left with a huge crater on its north side. The loss of the north side of the mountain, which was 13% of the cone's volume, reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about 1,313  feet and left a crater that was 1 to 2  miles wide and 2,100  feet deep. Responses The government of Washington State set up two zones around the volcano, a ‘Red Zone’ and a ‘Blue Zone’.The red one surrounded the volcano, while the blue one surrounded the red one. The WA National Guard response to Mt. St. Helens eruption was:(from youtube): â€Å"When I saw the plume rice 60-80,000 feet above, I mean it was just awesome that one away to say it because we never really get to see things like this often, however when I saw at the rate it was coming towards us I felt tremendously terrified. † Five of the guards ignored the ‘shut down’ command and went to sav e survivors of the eruption. Many people owe their lives to the five guards who risked their own lives to save them.

It Is Better to Have Tried and Failed, Than Not to Have Tried at All

â€Å"It is better to have tried and failed, than not to have tried at all. † Do you agree? When one tries and fails, one has gained more knowledge than the one who has not tried at all. The person who has tried, will instead possess a greater understanding over the one who has not. However, that person must have tried his best in order for this statement to be applicable. Therefore, i agree with this statement provided that the person has tried his best. Firstly, in the process of learning as we grow up, we face different obstacles and challenges as we work towards our goal or dream.During these times of difficulty, we tend to stop in our tracks. Not many people would continue persevering and move forward to take their best shot. Even if we fail after trying, we would be able to realise the mistakes that we have made. As compared to not even trying at all, failing will benefit us in such a way that we can keep on improving ourselves to become better. In short, we will be able to learn from the mistakes that we made the first time we tried and failed Secondly, not trying at all will leave you with greater regrets than trying and failing.When you grow older, the amount of regrets for not trying would pile up. As you think back into your past, those regrets could have actually turned into valuable experiences. At least when you try, you attain new knowledge which will help in your future endeavours. The knowledge and experience you encountered could mean the difference between tasting the sweetness of success, or the bitter taste of failure. On the contrary, In some circumstances, it is better not to try if the end result is obvious. For example, it is a futile attempt to try and woo a girl that does not like you in return.In this case, trying to do so will just lead to disaster. Moreover, you may end up losing a friend, embarrassing yourself and possibly giving her discomfort. Sometimes a chance is never a chance at all and you should not bother to try kn owing that the outcome will be a negative one which will cause both parties to suffer. Thirdly, failure is the mother of success. Ask any successful person you know whether they have experienced failures, and they will definitely reply you with a nod of the head or a resounding yes.Indeed, the path to success is riddled with failures and setbacks, but those who are able to stand back up and learn from these experiences are the ones who will be guaranteed success. The world famous Thomas Edison had to try one thousand times before successfully inventing the light bulb. One of his famous quotes include,† I have not failed a thousand times but rather have found a thousand ways that do not work. † This optimistic and enduring attitude is another thing which successful people have in common. Thomas Edison was able to learn from his mistakes and effectively improve on them, this is why he was able to succeed.Theodore Roosevelt puts it amazingly well: â€Å"It's not the critic who counts; Not the man who points out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of deeds could have done them better. The credit goes to the one who is actually in the arena; Who strives valiantly; who errs and comes up short again and again; Who knows the great devotions, the great enthusiasms, and spends himself in a worthy cause. Who, at the best, knows in the end the triumph of high achievement; and, at the worst, if he fails at least he fails while daring greatly; so that his place will never be among those timid and cold souls who know neither victory nor defeat. Life is a self-fulfilling prophecy, and everything that one person does may not necessarily mean success, but it is certain that different experiences will bring in different benefits. These experiences can carve the person’s personality and attitude to a better person as they continue forward and learn from his or her own mistakes. To round off, failures will give a person experience and a person who do es not try will not gain these experiences at all. Therefore, it is better to have tried and failed, than not to have tried at all.

UPS International Strategy through 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UPS International Strategy through 2012 - Essay Example After carefully assessing the scenarios from different aspects, recommendations are provided at the last of this paper. The largest package delivery company and a global leader in supply chain services, United Parcel Service (UPS), was founded on 28 August, 1907 in Seattle, Wash by 19-year-old   Jim Casey  and 18-year-old Claude Ryan as American Messenger Company. By the time, it progressed and expanded and now it is the world largest package delivery company. UPS employees about 415,000 people including 343,000 U.S. citizens and 70,000 International. Serving in more than 200 countries and territories, its total number of customers touches 8 million. In 2008, UPS delivered an average of 15.5 million pieces per day worldwide and earned revenue of $51.5(b). UPSs key services include logistics and distribution, transportation and freight, freight forwarding, international trade management and customs brokerage. UPS leads in providing less-than-truckload and truckload services coast-to-coast. UPS is running the 9th largest airline in the world with an AA balance sheet credit rating. (UPS Fact Sheet). Going global creates opportunities for companies to grow in new markets. One of the most important and difficult task for the top management is to create effective strategies for company and more difficult is the creation of an International Strategy. Basically, UPS was involved only in movement of goods, but by the time, it understood the new trends of markets and started providing various services including logistics and distribution, international trade management, customs brokerage, consulting, mail, e-commerce, and a variety of financial services. If we look into the history of this company, we will come to know that UPS has never stopped improving and expanding its businesses. UPS fully understand the importance of Global trade in present scenario of recession. CEO of UPS, Scott Davis,

Numerical integral Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Numerical integral - Research Paper Example Before Cavalieri introduced the system of indivisibles, Archimedes had also been working on the same thing. Archimedes had developed a method of calculating areas and volumes, but he was not willing to reveal his method. Elroy states that â€Å"Cavalieri developed a rational system of the so-called indivisibles and attempted to establish the validity of this approach† (63). Without the formalism of the integral itself, Cavalieri derived a number of basic theorems of integral calculus from his principles. Cavalieri’s method of calculation is accurate for parallelograms and plane figures lying between two parallel lines (Elroy 63). In 1639, Cavalieri obtained the power rule for integration of a polynomial, although the rule had been discovered three years before by Gilles de Roberval and Pierre de Fermat. A method for representing areas, lines, and volumes by indivisibles of a lower dimension than the continuous whole that is made by them, was thus developed by Cavalieri. Sriraman points out that â€Å"in his theory, Cavalieri stated that if two solids have the same height, then their volumes will be proportional to the areas of their bases† (7). The integration of f(X) =Xn was worked out through this method. According to Wolfram Research, Inc, an integral is a mathematical item that can be defined as an area or an abstraction of an area (â€Å"Integral† Wolfram.com). Integration on the other hand is â€Å"the process of computing or obtaining an integral† (â€Å"Integration†). Integrals have been used in a number of ways namely: 1. In calculation of volume, area, mass and length: Integration is basically applied in Physics and Mathematics. With integration, it is possible to describe the curved area of a plane in terms of functions, and area and perimeter, in terms of integrals. Integration is also used to calculate the mass of an

Describe a picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Describe a picture - Essay Example In particular, the use of red, black and dark blue serves to show how urban lifestyles leave individuals feeling secluded. The juxtaposition of dark and light hues gives the illusion of cramped spaces - both in geographic terms and as a metaphor for the state of mind of a city-dweller. We can also see in the painting how a cityscape is illustrated through the use of straight lines, sharp edges and angles. They could be interpreted as representing the rigid racial and class divisions that prevail in modern societies. They also stand for the harshness and monotony of contemporary livelihoods. It is instructive to look at the artist’s broader interests to better comprehend the painting. To note, Scarlett has had an active interest in art forms other than painting. These include jewelry designing and deco designing as well. As a result, his understanding of sense of space as a three-dimensional construct is unique. This is amply brought to bear in the Bird’s Eye

Branding Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Branding Marketing - Essay Example The LG product through LGE obeys the established rules of brand extension according to Tauber (2011). Part 2: Critic The section confirms that a better brand extension to the consumer offers satisfaction as compared to a similar established brand. Without these attributes, the consumers are disappointed and prefer the choice in recognized products. The first unsuccessful product listed is in Frito-Lay, created by Pepsi as a product to introduce the lemonade flavor. The parent company distorted the image of the brand that had been known for snack food packaging. This led the consumers to lose interest in the company that changed its line of brand composition. The other poor connection is in the launch of Wolverine World Wide’s Cat Footwear product by the caterpillar company. The company recognized for the production of building machinery launched a clothing line that deters from the company policies. The example qualifies as a poor brand extension with customers failing to appr eciate the product due to inconsistency in the company. Finally, Burger King had launched a marketing strategy that saw the inclusion of underwear as their marketing strategy. This example accords the definition of poor brand extension because the consumers realize the dreadful choice in product. Burger King recognized in the market as a leading food company changing the image to underwear loses the market share due to product inconsistency. Moreover, the association developed in underwear and food products generates unsatisfied customer relations (Cameron, 2009). Part 3 Part 1 lacks the title of the paper and makes the reader fail to understand what the essay clarifies. However, the thesis in the introduction expounds on the aspect of Intelligent Interactions. Moreover, the sentences should be proofread, and the corrections made to produce a flowing introductory paragraph. Industry Analysis The sections clearly states the available brands and their interaction within the market. Th e brand under consideration is in mobile handsets with the Android technology the subject of discussion. The author lists Samsung as the leading market product and justifies the reason, although the evidence is not adequately guaranteed in citation of the sources. This makes the brands appear as formulation of the author who does not have the capability to conduct individualized research on these companies. However, the argument and analysis of the market situation is detailed and precise. Competitive analysis Intelligence Interactions is explained as the option that would attract increased usability of the product. The participants in the Android technology are limited, and with the reduction of prices, the market is bound to be more flexible. However, the author explains that Apple has succeeded in gaining a market share based on the quality of the product. Brand Vision The competition provided by Apple limits the progress of Intelligent Interactions. The author states that their strategy would be to present the marketing strategy to establish a strong connection to the customers like the rival company. This has been included in stronger slogans and better customer services available at the needed period. The section should focus more on Intelligent Interactions as compared to Apple and discuss advanced strategies to reach consumers on an individual basis. Part 2 Target customer Analysis The explanation is accorded in a

The role of music within Apollo 13 movie clip Essay

The role of music within Apollo 13 movie clip - Essay Example "The role of music within Apollo 13 movie clip" essay is an excellent and detailed analysis of how music helps a film to create the right atmosphere and to set up a connection with an audience. Apollo 13 is a movie that was released in 1995. Its set up is in spaceship where the three astronauts try to make moon landing. The three astronauts are Swigert, Lovell and Haise. The plot of this movie is delivered from the reality story that occurred in 1970 when NASA tried to land Apollo 13 on the moon (Jeffrey and Jim 2000, 10). The storyline has a mixed anxiety as it starts with the expectation of safe landing on the moon, but mid way, an explosion is heard. Astronauts’ life is in danger. This movie has approximately 20 soundtracks. The clip shows crew panicking. They are in a hurry to fix things even as they try to explain the problem to the control room staff. The spaceship meters and indicators drop. This immediately shows that the problem is bigger than any viewer could have im agined. The tempo of the music track increases its beats. This implies is supposed to heighten the imagination and anxiety of the audience. The audience must be kept guessing what may happens next to the crew (Jeffrey and Jim 2000, 88-97). The tension is reflected in the control room too. The track at this point starts to slow down its tempo. This is due to the fact that, the viewers and the audience may have started to be assured that the direct communication between the crew and control room was about to yield results. The music track’s sped and tone must be regulated to break the monotony and help reduce the levels of anxiety (Joey 2003, 105-108). The music use in the movie must flow as per the expectation of the viewers and help them await the outcome with ease. At this point, the crew is directed to the point where they can find crucial apparatus. The music seems to soften as they compose themselves as communicate with the control room staffs. The control room st

Case analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case analysis - Assignment Example With time, the Enterprise devised other strategies that were more attractive to the customer than the competitors’ and that included the door-to-door and drop-off services. This was important in developing as well as improving relationships with the customers and taking reliability to another level. The service involved picking the customers from their homes and dropping them off and increased the company’s market share after establishment of the â€Å"We’ll Pick You Up† campaign. The company’s pre-established culture was also customer oriented through a founding value that viewed customer service as Enterprise’s way of life. Second, Enterprise had invested in training their employees to be customer oriented. When hiring employees, the company sought for employees with customer-specific characteristics that include customer service skills, flexibility, and good communication skills. Third, the company ensured that their customer experience was convenient mostly with respect to the cars and the reception that the customers received when they visited the company. The customer experience maintained three major aspects that they fulfilled in the best way possible that incorporated the cleanliness of the cars, the transaction speed, and the attitude as well as the helpfulness of the employees. Lastly, the company encouraged the customers to give feedback on the quality of the services they received. The company wanted to improve repeat purchase through feedback. For instance, the customers were asked if they were completely satisfied or just satisfied. Although the vast majority stated that they were completely satisfied, the company sought to resolve issues with the customers that were not completely satisfied by asking them whether they would accept a call from the branch manager. The Enterprise acquired several assets to enable itself in providing the best services. First, the company did not

Contemporary issues in business (DEBENHAMS) Essay

Contemporary issues in business (DEBENHAMS) - Essay Example According to the company reports, it has acquired enhanced market share pertaining to women’s wear along with men’s wear, whereas in relation to children’s wear it has acquired considerably less amount of market share as it stood at the tenth position. The company since 20 years as an open system is investing in British design pertaining to its exclusive designers. In the year 2012, the company had been awarded ‘Multichannel Retail’ award (Debenhams Retail plc, 2001). This report intends to discuss the external drivers of change that lays a greater impact on the company’s operations. Moreover, the probable negative forces to change will also be recognised in the report in keeping with Debenhams present operational environment. 2.0 Today’s Drivers of Change: PESTEL Analysis of Debenhams Retail sector frames an important part of the United Kingdom’s economy. Drivers of change are applied to derive information regarding the companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s operational activities. These factors remain external but create a major impact on the organisational operations. This segment of the study will focus on the drivers that foster changes within the retail sector of the UK. Moreover, the implications of these drivers result in internal change within Debenhams as well. The demographic scenarios, the influence of globalisation of the current UK industrial sector and the advanced technical changes have laid a major influence on the retail industry as well. 2.1 Political In order to ensure a competitive analysis of Debenhams within the UK, it is necessary to assess the environment within which the company is presently operating. It has been observed that the retailers are greatly affected by one of the decisive drivers of change i.e. the political structure along with trends in numerous ways. The political influence is essentially created on the retail sector by the power exerted by the politicians pertaining to locations. In the UK, these politicians exert power by on the basis of the ‘land-use planning system’. In this context, the mentioned particular system is primarily about the planning developed by the local authorities. In keeping with these particular activities, government has power to intervene in order to provide direction and guidance regarding the development and opportunities along with proposals (IMI, 2010). Moreover, it has been assumed that regulations prevailing within the UK industrial sector focus mainly on training. In this regard, training expenses act as a driving force within the UK retail sector. Therefore, Debenhams needs to comply with training requirements and regulations to operate within the UK sector. In terms of regulations and governmental impact, it can be noted that in the UK, there are certain national policies being framed on skills and education. These particular national policies lay a major impact on the sector related to skills demand along with supply. Availability of

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and Essay

Julian Assange and his impact on the communication processes and politics - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Julian Assange was known only as an â€Å"Australian moderator of the Legal Aspects of Computer Crime mailing list and a researcher who has written extensively about hackers† in the beginning of this century, that is, before he became a controversial celebrity who all know of. This is why calling Julian Assange, a â€Å"cypherpunk revolutionary†, Robert Manne has said, â€Å"Less than twenty years ago Julian Assange was sleeping rough. Even a year ago hardly anyone knew his name. Today he is one of the best-known and most-respected human beings on earth†. The seemingly sudden rise to the fame of this Australian individual has a socio-political context and a corresponding history. The way his actions have impacted the communication processes and the politics in the globalized world is a topic that has international implications. The geopolitics of his physical location to the ideological underpinnings of his intelle ctual landscape that he has extended to others through the internet represents a whole new world of possibilities- in communication, freedom, and democracy. Julian Assange has been a hacker since when the first generation of computer hackers started rewriting the laws of internet communication. In the book, Underground, written by Suelette Dreyfus, and for which Assange worked as a researcher, a hacker named Mendax was featured and this hacker really was none other than Assange himself. (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was in 1988, that Assange became a hacker (Manne, 2011a, p.197). He formed a group called International Subversives along with two other hackers (Manne, 2011a, p.197). Dreyfus (2006-07) had described the politics of this group as â€Å"fiercely anti-establishment; their motive adventure and intellectual curiosity; their strict ethic not to profit by their hacking or to harm the computers they entered† (as cited in Manne, 2011a, p.197). Assange was a member of the free software movement, he participated in the creation of NetBSD, an open source computer operating system, and got involved with a movement called cypherpunks in 1993 (Manne, 2011a, p.203-204). The idea of WikiLeaks had been borne out of this movement (Manne, 2011a, p.203). Among the cypherpunk group of hackers to which he belonged, Assange was somewhat an exception to others (who were anarcho-capitalists) by keeping a left leaning though he is an â€Å"anti-communist† (Manne, 2011a, p.211). The basic philosophy of cypherpunks was again the issue whether: The state would strangle individual freedom and privacy through its capacity of electronic surveillance or whether autonomous individuals would eventually undermine and even destroy the state through their deployment of electronic weapons newly at hand (Manne, 2011a, p.204). It was rumored that a 1989 attack that was carried out â€Å"from Australia on the NASA computer system via the introduction of what was called the WANK worm in an attempt to sabotage the Jupiter launch of the Galileo rocket as part of an action of anti-nuclear activists† was the work of Assange (Manne, 2011a, p.197). A programme written by Assange was named sycophant and it allowed his hacking group to hack into the US military systems (Manne, 2011a, p.197). It was when his group hacked into the Canadian telecommunications corporation NORTEL, that his hacking was found out for the first time (Manne, 2011a, p.197). In the police action that followed, Assange was arrested in a totally devastated state of mind and admitted to a hospital (Manne, 2011a, p.198). Manne (2011a) has observed that this arrest and the time spent in jail was what shaped his politics (p.198). Suburbia Public Access Network was the next war front that Assange opened (Manne, 2011a, p.200). It was a convergi ng point for many email lists and activist groups (manne, 2011a, p.200

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay Example for Free

A College Degree Is Not Worth It Essay What is a college degree worth 50,000, $150,000, $300,000? The real question should be is a college degree really worth it? A lot of students go into college not knowing what to expect, or not knowing what to do. College degrees are made of paper, the importance of these degrees are valued by all the hard work you put in. There are several reasons why a college degree is not worth it. A college degree can be connected with negative associations. Getting a degree is like getting married. It’s a big decision someone has to make. There’s a lot of  cost, a lot of ups and downs, and it can be very stressful. Someone shouldn’t just go to college because they see everyone attending college after high school. The main number one reason why everyone wants to get a college degree is because they believe once they finish college they’ll have a better employment rate rather than someone without one. According to Not All College Majors Are Created Equal, by Michelle Singletary â€Å"the highest unemployment rate for recent graduates is generally the highest in architecture (13. 9 percent), then in non- technical majors, such as arts (11.1 percent), humanities and liberal arts (9. 4 percent), social science (8. 9 percent), finally law and public policy (8. 1 percent). † Having a degree is not automatically doing to get you a job, but most graduates are working in a job that does not require a degree. Focusing so much on college and perusing the goal of earning a degree can impact your social life. For many accomplishing a degree is not only a must but it becomes part of their life from sunrise to sunset. They start losing touch with reality, friends, and everyday activities. It is as if your life only has  one signal meaning that is, your college degree. College requires so many sacrifices because you have to have time to study for exams and getting your homework done. Not having a college degree doesn’t mean that someone won’t become successful. There have been a lot of people in this world that become very successful without a degree. For example: the CEO of Coca cola, Walt Disney, Steve Jobs, and many more. A degree does not make you the richest person in the world. There are many roads for an education rather than just attending college for a degree. Many people succeed without college degrees.

Issues and challenges faced by Starbucks corporation

Issues and challenges faced by Starbucks corporation In 1971, four people fill with passion of coffee open their first coffee retail store-Starbucks in Seattle, Washington. By 1981, the company had 4 retail stores, which were sale whole bean coffee. Howard Schultz, who is the chairman and CEO of Starbucks, was hired and join the marketing team in 1982. At that time, Schultz wanted to create an idea that Starbucks become Americans third place to go, which is a place people can enjoy, relax themselves and not far away from work or home. Hence, Schultz suggested company set up an espresso bar in the retail, hence, the idea was allow to test in the sixth store in 1983. From then on, the development of company increased significantly. Few years later, Schultz bought Starbuck. After Schultz took over the company, Starbucks turn into high-speed expansion stage. By 1992, Starbucks already had 140 stores, which serviced coffee, beverage, cake and some stores even sold jazz CDs (Tuck business school, 2002). Now, Starbucks is worldwide company wi th 17,800 stores in 49 countries including more than 10000 stores in US, 1000 in Canada and 800 in UK (google map, 2010) Methods Data collection methods Methodology As members of Group 8 (ASB 4431 Organisations People Assignment Groups 2010-11) perusing a Masters degree in Bangor University, have done a report on Starbucks critically evaluating the organisations structure, strategy, culture, and management/leadership style. Data collection method The research strategy that the study utilized is the explanatory or Analytical research approach. As this study is based on our analysis of Starbucks, structure, culture, leadership and other issues would be explored; questions will need answering thereby a need to understand the phenomena. The use of a Qualitative data analysis will be employed since the data we use will all be non-numeric data. Saunders et al, (2009) Source of data Secondary data was obtained from already existing data mainly from Starbucks website, other Internet sources, journals and textbooks. Issues and challenges There are three issues considered in this report, first is the resource constrains, most of the articles we found are all available online, however not all of them are free to assess, especially for those authoritative articles that always need to pay to assess, for example, the book named Pour Your Heart Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Time, which written by Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz is a good reference for our report, however, we can not assess it without buying it. Second issues is the lack of critical review for Starbucks, most paper we found was regard Starbucks as the positive example in explaining organisational behaviour, there is no doubt that Starbucks doing a great job in rewarding their employees, however it brings challenges to be critical in our report. The final issues is the ethical and legal issues, as all the article we found can published publicly, and we all using appropriate reference, as a result, there is no ethical and legal issues to co nsider for our report. Analysis In this study, qualitative data analysis has been conducted to evaluate the organisational feature of Starbucks Corporation rather than using quantitative analysis such as statistical analysis.   In order to gather the data, remote data collection, such as Internet search and literature review about has been mainly conducted.   The purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the organisation structure, strategy, culture and management or leadership applications of Starbucks Corporation, therefore all information are gathered by internet search and literature review.   In order to analyse gathered data to evaluate feature of Starbucks Corporation, observed data analysis method has been practiced.   Comprehensive search for several facts related to structure, strategy, culture and management/leadership applications of Starbucks, has been executed by using Internet search and literature review.   Afterwards, critical evaluation has been conducted to link all information or ganically.   Finally, all analysis results were integrated and final conclusion has been created. Results Overview of corporate strategy business goals Mission statement A mission statement is a brief description of an organisations fundamental purpose, which is steered in outlining the existence of the organisation; this is to enable members of the organisation to be aware of the companys purpose as well as the general public. (David, 2009) A mission statement should be a short and brief declaration of goals and objectives. The primary goal of any business is to maximize stakeholder worth, which includes shareholders of the business, business employees and clients or customers who purchase business goods and services. (David, 2009; Abell, 1980) Diverse works have outlined what should be covered in a mission statement (Abell, 1980; Pearce and David, 1987). It is not the content of the mission statement that really matters but rather the process used to prepare the document and the principles employed to fulfil the prepared document (Mullane, 2002). In the mission statement of Starbucks which talks about inspiring and nurturing the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood with principles to live out every day as an organisation to fulfil their mission statement. The principles below are what Starbucks employ in achieving their mission statement; Our Coffee; It has always been, and will always be, about quality. Were passionate about ethically sourcing the finest coffee beans, roasting them with great care, and improving the lives of people who grow them. We care deeply about all of this; our work is never done. Our Partners; Were called partners, because its not just a job, its our passion. Together, we embrace diversity to create a place where each of us can be ourselves. We always treat each other with respect and dignity. And we hold each other to that standard. Our Customers; When we are fully engaged, we connect with, laugh with, and uplift the lives of our customers even if just for a few moments. Sure, it starts with the promise of a perfectly made beverage, but our work goes far beyond that. Its really about human connection. Our Stores; When our customers feel this sense of belonging, our stores become a haven, a break from the worries outside, a place where you can meet with friends. Its about enjoyment at the speed of life sometimes slow and savored, sometimes faster. Always full of humanity. Our Neighbourhood; Every store is part of a community, and we take our responsibility to be good neighbours seriously. We want to be invited in wherever we do business. We can be a force for positive action bringing together our partners, customers, and the community to contribute every day. Now we see that our responsibility and our potential for good is even larger. The world is looking to Starbucks to set the new standard, yet again. We will lead. Our Shareholders; We know that as we deliver in each of these areas, we enjoy the kind of success that rewards our shareholders. We are fully accountable to get each of these elements right so that Starbucks and everyone it touches can endure and thrive. Environmental Mission Statement; Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business Our Starbucks Mission Statement; Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time. (Starbucks: Our Mission Statements) Business strategy To understand and analyse corporate strategy and business goal of Starbucks, we firstly need to have a clue of what corporate strategy is. By Johnson and Scholes, corporate strategy is defined as: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. In the case of Starbucks, the organization is employing Porters Differentiation Focus Strategy. This strategy provides a product or service to a specific market niche and differentiates from competition in specific areas. (Rebecca Larson, 2009) Starbucks does not exist as a low-cost company to the competitors. It focuses on the specialized selections, provides specially tailored lines of coffee and tea related products for a premium price. Starbucks does not promote itself by using traditional means; they generally concentrate on high-level marketing and branding by word-of-mouth, as well as alliances and partnerships. They try not to promote the company, however automatically they are promoted by providing customer support and also their excellent works in which up to now has becoming a successful strategy. By the companys hard work, focusing on details and ethical decision-making, customers have experienced a wonderful service, as a result, the company gradually built up its reputation and becoming one of the most valuable global brands.(Theodore,2002,p.62) It is incredible that Starbuckss achievement with very few commercials, ads or any other kind of marketing means. Starbucks could not become a coffee-related products giant retailer and remain long-term success only by selling coffee on its own. One important part of the companys strategy is strategic alliances, which could also be called joint venture approach. This strategy leads the globalization of the company with higher recognition and reputation of the brand also exposing the brand to other potential customers. The variety of companys products is relatively being expanded demographically and geographically. For example, in order to advance social and economic equality, the company allied with NAACP, the company donated and together with NAACP organized events for social equality has becoming a great success. It showed that Starbucks is no longer a simple business organization, it also exists as a charity and that brings the company higher reputation. They also partnered with Barnes and Noble bookstores to be the in-house coffee shop in 1993, (Isidro, 2004) co-produce coffee-related drinks such as Starbucks Frappuccino with PepsiCo from 1996, formed alliances with ice-cream manufactures and hotel chains to offer Starbucks brand and flavored ice-creams and Starbucks coffees within the hotels (Rebecca Larson, 2009). Explanation of organisational structure Board Committee organization structure of Starbucks The structure of Starbucks Company is shown in Figure 1.   As mentioned by Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Annual Report (2009), as group member of the Board of Directors, Howard Schultz was appointed to Companys chairman and chief executive. Barbara Bass, William W. Bradley, Mellody Hobson, Olden Lee, James G. Shennan, Javier G. Teruel, Myron E. Ullman and Graig E. Weatherup were appointed to director individually. Kevin R. Johnson and Sheryl Sandberg were appointed to Chief Operating Officer individually. Additional, Starbuck Corporation consisted of 38 members of Senior Officers. Board Committees are composed of Audit and Compliance Committee, Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Composition Job Design Board of Director The Board of Director inclusive twelve members, independence of each member are requested to meet of the NASDAQ Stock Market efficiently. When Board getting direction about recommendation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Board of Directors will appoint a new member in case of there is a vacancy occupation occur on the Board. The Board of Directors of Starbucks Company are responsible for monitoring company powers and ensuring that the company business meet goals which is requested by shareholders. The Board have responsibility to select nominees for the Board of Directors who have appropriate qualifications and diversity of backgrounds experiences. And also, it is in charge of appointing chief operating officer.   (Starbucks Corporation Fiscal Annual Report, 2009) Composition Job Design Audit and Compliance Committee The Audit and Compliance Committee are in charge of financial reporting and internal, external audit processes. The Committee assists the Board of Director reviewing financial issue. The Committee was appointed from the Board of Directors. The Committee have three members at least and all of them shall match The NASDAQ Stock Market requirements independence. The Committee be recommended by the Corporate Governance Committee, and finally appointed by the Board of Director. The Committee has authority to investigate any financial activity and free access to members of management. It is retain independent legal counsel. All employees have responsibility to assisting members of the Committee investigation (Starbucks Corporation Audit And Compliance Committee Charter, 2010) Composition Job Design Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee The Compensation and Management Development Committee has responsible for working with management to establish appropriate compensation practices for the Company. There are deciding the benefits and compensations for senior officers of the Company. The Committee consists of three members at lease, which one member be required come from Board of Director. The members of Committee will be pointed from Board as well. The Committee conducts an annual review of companys compensation for Senior Officer instead of president and chairman. Together with the Chairman of the Corporate Governance Committee, the Chair of the Committee shall annually review the performance of the president and chief operating officer and meet with them to share the findings of such review when after discussing with the member of independent directors of the Board (Starbucks Corporation Compensation and Management Development Committee Charter, 2010). Composition Job Design Corporation Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee The Corporate Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for developing and implementing policies and procedures of the Board of Directors. They are intended to constitute and organize appropriately to meet its obligations to Starbucks Company and its shareholders. The Committee will be comprised of at least three members, all of whom have to meet the independence requirements of the NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC as well as. Under Board of Directors direction, members of the Committee and a Chair of the Committee shall be appointed. The Board of Directors shall appoint a new member or members, which is a vacancy on the Committee. The Committee have professional capability to assist Board identifying candidates personality. Reviewing the Companys Corporate Governance Principles and Practices annually according to changing shareholders interests and suggesting appropriate modifications to the Board of Directors. And evaluate the overall effectiveness of the organization of the Board Committees performance. Evaluation of the organisation structure of Starbucks According to SeaZone (2009), organisation structure of Starbucks Company is Matrix structure.  Ã‚  This is one type of organisation structures that is presented by Gareth Morgan.   The organisation structure is quite important to manage organisation, it plays important role for organisations activities.  Ã‚  Moreover, the organisation structure is related to its business purpose and aims. (Mullins, 2005)   Matrix structure is the organisation structure that has both of vertical structure and strong horizontal structure.   It requires employees to have two reporting relationships concurrently.  Ã‚  In this structure, employees work in provisional group constituted by employees from different function.  Ã‚  There are two lines of authority in this structure and employees have two bosses in their team namely boss for their project and boss for their function. (Mullins, 2005) Specific future of matrix structure Matrix structure provides organisation flexibility, and contributes to keep security and control of project information.  Ã‚  Moreover, organisation can have a possibility to develop stuff well.  Ã‚  (Mullins, 2005)  Ã‚  However, there are some disadvantages of matrix structure.  Ã‚  At first, there is limitation of number of employees who report to the project manager directly, because most of all stuffs are assigned from department managers.  Ã‚  This situation may lead uncertainty in organisation and employees may be unwilling to accept that their situation is changed constantly and willing that they establish in their functional group.  Ã‚  Next, matrix structure has a possibility that organisation make more complex.  Ã‚  Thirdly, extension of the authority of manager to the stuff coming from other sections can be a course of problem in organisation.  Ã‚  Finally, it is expected that functional group may not attention to their normal tasks and role.  (Mullins, 2 005)   What is required in matrix structure? Matrix structure strongly deeply rely on teamwork spirits, it demand culture of co-operation.  Ã‚  In this structure, managers are required high level of behavioural and management ability and organisation needs culture of collaboration.  Ã‚  It is necessary to educate employees to support other stuffs and to create the teamwork spirits.  Ã‚  Moreover, stuffs must have a special competence to solve the conflict in their team in the matrix-structured organisation.  Ã‚   How organisation structure works in Starbucks There are some disadvantages in matrix structure as mentioned before, however, Starbucks, especially Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks Company, may have understood these problems.   Therefore he gave special statement to employees when he expanded Starbucks structure to reinforce their internal and external communication in 2008.  Ã‚  He has explained the difficulties of doing business in situation in those days and strongly suggested change of not only structure but also employees in order to enhancing the customer experience.  Ã‚  In that message, he also stated that structure of Starbucks Company faced the revolutionary  change, however it was necessary to improve customers and stuffs experiences and recapture the vigour and benefits in the company.  Ã‚  As he explained in that message, he recognised or realised that this structural modification was hard for some stuffs owing to increase and complex of their tasks, however he also described that he made this decision unde rstanding these kinds of issues.  Ã‚  He explained that he had decided this numerous change of structure with speculation and he respected for stuffs concerned.   (Starbucks, 2008) Analysis of organisational culture With the development of economy, the competitions between companies not only aim at the product they offered but also their internal organisation culture. Deal and Kennedy researched organization culture for 15 years and they found that organisation with weak culture always beaten by organisation with strong culture (1999). Edgar Schein who is generally consider the father of organization culture defined that organization is a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problem (1985). Organization cultures pay attentions to individuals in a organization that it establish an appropriate platform make individual join in the organization quickly and help people work together toward the same organizati on goals. In addition, organization culture help employee improve their personal ability and knowledge to maximum. In the meantime, organisation culture forms the external performance and reputation, which are important to decision making during purchasing Starbucks is one of the successful chain coffee stores. It is because it has a unique organisation culture. In order to understand internal culture in Starbucks, we will use the Great Holsfedes cultural framework. Holsfedes used different five aspects to evaluate culture, which are power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation (Holsfedes, 1991). . Base on this model, it can reveal that Starbucks have long power distance, because every employee in Starbucks have the same basic rights no special treatment. In addition, for the gander issue, Starbucks view all the employees the same regardless of their gender, thus, Starbucks has high masculinity and femininity. And it also has low uncertainty avoidance; due to it have a vast number of brunch stores abroad, Starbucks has to take huge risk for that. In terms of collectivistic, Starbucks belongs to high collectivistic, although it have branch store everywhere, but there is a core team to conduct the whole company. Starbuck still pay attention to environment and other charity event, so Starbucks is long term oriented. The strong power of Starbucks organisation culture appeals a great number of people, including both consumer and potential employee. Great quality of coffee and well service make Starbucks become a global company with hundreds of chain stores. Its organisation present a great service, consumer always be expected to be confronted with enthusiastic well trained employees with a great number of coffee knowledge and their service always base on consumers need. Starbuck also appeal people because of its values. As we talked above, Starbucks support many organisations in a long term, such as Conservation International, The Earthwatch Institute, Save the Children, Mercy Corps, the African Wildlife Foundation, and Planet Green. Starbucks convey a message that corporations need to concern about the society and environment around them. And then, Starbucks establish diversity internal working environment in order to satisfy the entire consumer. The strong organisational culture in Starbucks also embodied in the way they treat their employees. Starbucks hold a job fairs every year in different places, and there are also some guidelines for manager to interview the candidates and test whether they have full knowledge about the companys product, and who are adaptable, dependable and passionate in interacting with customers. Starbucks also need to deal with hundred of thousands of online applications using software developed by Taleo, this software help to screen out the candidates by answer the basic information and skills-based questions (Weber G. 2005). After recruiting people, Starbucks will also offer 24 hours of trainings to their employees, and learn how to use espresso machines, how to interact with the customers, the process and production of coffee beans. During the training, employees also need to understand the companys mission statement, and bring company culture to their customers (Cesario Minor, Jr. 2009), Starbu cks spends more on recruitment and development than on advertising which in 2004 is $68.3 million (Weber. G.2005), the mangers and assistance mangers also have trainings in computer, leadership and coffee knowledge. As Starbucks offers both product and services, people become an important factor in maintaining the quality, Starbucks treat their employees as partners by connecting their contribution to companys market value, and give the opportunity to share the success in the company, their employees are highly involved in companys activity by reporting their concerns to companys Mission review team, each employee will receive a comment card when they newly hired, and they can write down some suggestion, advice or disagreement in management decisions, the managers will response and sign for all the comment cards within two weeks, and their CEO Howard Schultz also review all the comments every month(Cesario Minor, Jr. 2009), the high involvement also increase the level of responsibil ity to the company. Starbucks also well known in retaining and rewarding their employees by good salary, stock options and health cares, according to Thompson Strickland (1999), the store employees were paid $6 to $8 per hour that is above the average minimum wages, their employees can also paying the initial years price and receiving the current years price by cashing in one-fifth of the shares granted each succeeding year. Part-time staffs is the major workforce in Starbucks, and they receive the same health insurance as full-time employees, the insurance including preventive care, crisis counselling, dental care, eye care, mental health care and treatment for chemical dependency. Howard Schultz also been invited to white house and meet with president Clinton to brief the Starbucks health care programme in 1994. Starbucks have a relative low turnover rage compare with the other companies, the turnover rage for Starbucks was about 65% compare with 150% to 400% for other retailers and fast-food chains, and the turnover rate for store manager was much lower, which is 25% compared with 50% in other retailers. Starbuckss organisation culture, especially the strong spiritual culture appealing lots potential employees, employees not only attracted by the salary, stock plans and health care, they would like to work for Starbucks because the trust, power and autonomy given by the organisation, Starbucks promotion for fair trade and environmental contributions also bring positive image and reputations. Critical evaluation of Management Leadership practices CE for business goal CE for organisational structure Critical evaluation of Management and Leadership practices As we have described previously, the organisation structure of Starbucks is the matrix structure. This structure influence management style and leadership style, too. The matrix structure strongly relies on the teamwork and relationship between employees and managerial stuffs. In the matrix structure, a line of command and report is complicating and the line is changed frequently. Therefore, employees are required more complex work rather than in other organisation structures. Moreover, organisation must provide employees good education system to create teamwork spirits in organisation. Additionally, in order to lead employees in the matrix structure, strong leadership and well-organised management style is necessary. (Mullins, 2005) It would appear that Starbucks Company might be able to overcome with these problems coming from disadvantage of the matrix structure and achieve to create good working relationship atmosphere. Therefore, they have been awarded a prize of 100 Best Compan ies to Work For by Fortune during 1998 to 2009, except 2001. (Starbucks 2010) CE for organisational culture There are two critical issues to discuss in Starbucks culture, firstly, David A. Pace, who has been an Executive Vice President of Partner Resources of Starbucks Corporation since 2002 said that, even company were to hit hard times, the strategy of above-average investment in training and rewarding employees isnt going to change (Weber G. 2005). Starbucks now is an successful company, and Paces announcement really help to build a good reputation on taking social responsibilities, however, once the company suffer from the crisis, can they still keep the promise, if they can, it helps to gain more support from their employee, but if they cant, the employees will feel disappoint and may break down the reputation. Secondly according to Weber G. (2005), Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks on October told Business week Online that, for the following two years, Starbucks would spend more on employee health care costs than it does on coffee. What Schulze said may have both impacts on their employees and customers. For their employees, they will feel appreciate and proud to work for Starbucks, and it may also attract more people desired to work for Starbucks. For Starbucks customers, some may feel Starbucks is a responsible and ethical company and feel comfortable to buy coffee from Starbucks. However, spending less on coffee may misleading other customers that the company will pay more attention on employee health care rather than coffee, customers may feels they are not regarded. Conclusions recommendations Conclusion Business goal Organisational structure As previously mentioned, Starbucks adopts matrix structure for their organisation structure. (SeaZone, 2009)    Matrix structure has a complex aspect owning to the characteristics of that structure, namely it has both of vertical structure and strong horizontal structure.   Matrix structure provides organisation flexibility, and contributes to keep security and control of project information.   Moreover, organisation can have a possibility to develop stuff well. (Mullins, 2005)   On the other hand, matrix structure has disadvantages, for example, it has limitation of number of employee who report to the project manager directly, moreover, matrix structure has a possibility that organisation make more complex. (Mullins, 2005)   However, Starbucks seems to have good relationship and well-organised education system for managerial stuffs to overcome with these disadvantage and they seems to convert these disadvantages to advantages of matrix structure.   Moreover, Howard Schu ltz, CEO of Starbucks, has strong leadership and he is trying to encourage stuffs in order to achieve their business well. (Starbucks, 2008)   In reality, the fact that Starbucks have been awarded a prize of 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune during 1998 to 2009, except 2001 gives evidence that many stuffs who are working for Starbucks satisfy to work in this circumstances. (Starbucks 2010) Organisational culture To conclusion, the Comprehensive and thoughtful organisation culture is Starbucks core competitive strategy, which is not only appeal potential employees but also the customers. Almost all the customers satisfied Starbucks services because they are treated very well. At the same time, they are faced with passionate employees and high quality coffee. For employees, they have well trained before they participate in the work formally, which allow them to introduce customer professionally. In addition, employees are satisfied with the wage and even part-time employees have the insurance as well. Feedback makes Starbucks culture special then their company. Their employees have the rights to write down their disagreement or suggestion to company. Recommendations Business goal Organisational structure(included in conclusion) Organisational culture As we know, Starbucks turnover rate is low, because their rewarding system attracts a great number of employees. We recommend company could change its rewarding system to performance base system, which means employees rewarding base on their personal working performance (e.g. set up best employee of the month/year). In terms of health care of employees in Starbucks, it is excellent to treat their employees in such a good way. However, consumers need an image that Starbucks devote itself to improve the quality of coffee and develop the environment in stores. Hence, we recommend Starbucks could increase spending on retail store decoration and offering more kinds of food.

Drawbacks Of The Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay

Drawbacks Of The Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay First of all, the assignment describes about what Entrepreneurs are by explaining their roles and responsibilities. Secondly, the benefits and advantages occurred by Entrepreneurship are going to be discussed. Thirdly, the downsides or disadvantages arose should be argued according to the literature reviews. Last but not least, some recommendations would be added to cover up that dark side of Entrepreneurship. At this point, many literature reviews are applied and deliberated in order to evaluate for the difficulties or obstacles of Entrepreneurship. What are Entrepreneurs? Baumol (1990) defines that Entrepreneurs are persons who are creative and imaginative in finding ways and add them to their own wealth, power and prestige. Entrepreneurs innovate and introduce new quality of good which consumers are not familiar yet. Besides, they often launch new method of production and new market which have not been tested and existed before yet. Moreover, they also bring new source of supply of raw material or half manufactured goods. Likewise, they create monopoly position which is the carrying out of the new organisation of any industry. Baumol (1990) proposes that it is important to differentiate between two primary types of entrepreneurs to understand how economic development occurs. The initiation entrepreneur is responsible for unprecedented economic growth during 19th and 20th centuries; creating new products, new productive technologies or procedures which has not existed before. Whereas the imitative entrepreneur is for economic advancement in developing countries today, where there is a more widespread and occurs after initiating have successfully demonstrated the utility of their innovation product or process. However, Hannafey (2003) believes that Entrepreneurs take part in economic tasks that increase employment, create new organisation and perform other business activities. Nevertheless, Stanworth and Gray (1991) add that entrepreneurs examine situational or contextual factors such as socio-economic structures and influence the wider economy by enterprising culture in the locality. Benefits of Entrepreneurship Wickham (1998: 34) in Kirby (2003: 28) suggested that being the Entrepreneurs is relates to the creating and managing vision and linking those vision to other people, by representing leadership, encouraging people and being effective in getting people to agree the changes. Moreover, it concerns with the profit-making activities and which are to aid five functions such as. Innovation and change New venture creation Business growth Job generation Regional development. The participating of Entrepreneurs to the economy and society encounters the convention and expose the ways of thinking and behaving that were not occurred before. Advantages of Entrepreneurship Importantly, the benefits of a business venture that would occur when an owner launches a new business should be considered. Zimmer and Scarborough, 2002 indicate that Entrepreneurs create an opportunity for themselves. Likewise, Entrepreneurship, a perfect opportunity for business owners to contribute to society, creates the benefit for the owner of a particular business to make a difference which happens through opportunities that are crucial to the owner. Significantly, Entrepreneurs observe the limited natural resources effectively and combine their concerns with social issues. Besides, Entrepreneurs inaugurate a market potential for their innovation and lead customers and sell the venture to investors. Shane, 2000: 448 establish that Entrepreneurs have the ability to recognise new knowledge to exploit new products and technology including knowledge of customer problems and knowledge of technology known as Entrepreneurial opportunity. Therefore, this opportunity may lead to better understanding of the new knowledge or technology for innovation. Drawbacks in Entrepreneurship Even though innovations create the new opportunities, radical or disruptive innovations could be occurred the industries into a higher risk (Rae, 2007: 79). Entrepreneurs possess personal traits and behaviours which could harm their roles as managers or workers (Vries, 1985: 160). Thus, Entrepreneurs are often known as risk takers (Wickham, 2004:194). Since, the new products demand, the activities of the competitors and government interventions are not overwhelmed by the Entrepreneurs, they sometimes need to manage the risk and make a right decision for the uncertainties (Wickham, 2004: 195). Thus it is crucial for owners to establish a particular business activity although they sometimes create drawbacks in entrepreneurship due to the following reasons. Life cycle of the business venture Nieman et. al., 2003 mention that the stages of entrepreneurial development can sometimes fail due to the life cycle of the business venture. Figure 1: Stages of Entrepreneurial development Entrepreneurs can only harvest in the pre-start up stage, because they have competition with other industry. This competition creates potential threat which they could not resist therefore; they buy the patent to protect their business. In the start-up stage, Entrepreneurs face with an increasing risk and potential for business failure because market demand is not very certain and the profits are less. Nevertheless, most Entrepreneurs are likely to harvest and sell the venture based on the current performance in the growth stage. However, in maturity stage, sales and profits decline and there are many competitive pressures in the distribution elements. Finally, during the decline stage, sales and profit decrease rapidly due to the poor strategic positioning in business prospect of Entrepreneurs. Since Entrepreneurs cannot classify and distinguish new process opportunities, most of them do not retain chances along with the technology changes. (Kirzner, 1973). The failure of new small firms Most entrepreneurs are creative and they process new ventures. Albeit, not all the entrepreneurs create the ventures and they are not managed by the entrepreneurs. However, Scarborough and Zimmerer (2003) in Kirby (2003: 35) stated that the most common reasons of the failure of the new ventures are because of the managerial incompetence, nonexistence of experience, low financial control, absence of strategic management, incorrect or inappropriate place, having not enough inventory control and failure to create the entrepreneurial transitions or changes. Starting up business requires a great deal of dedication and discipline therefore, in order to build a successful business; entrepreneurs might face many various obstacles which become impossible. Making wrong decisions A manager could not have detailed knowledge of probabilities of what might happen in the future, thus a decision could become uncertain. Thus, they might accept various rules according to minimise their greatest loss or maximise their least return (Wickham, 2004:196). Moreover, sometimes the decisions could become ambiguity where it sandwiches between uncertainty and risk which has indefinite chance. Poor quality of the analysis for Business plan Importantly, meeting a clear business document plays a vital role in organisations. Nowadays, most Entrepreneurs face with some difficulties when setting a business plan for creating poor quality ones. Further, business plans are not describe back even though Entrepreneurs get funding through achievements. Thus, the opportunities become failure while occurring to the business to alter according to its environment. Additionally, there should be not only clear mission statement but also precise objectives in the business. The reasons why Entrepreneurs fail today are not because of unclear business plan but because of uncertain goals and mission statements for their business. Without the following facts, a business would not meet its mission statement. One reason might be due to the absence of unique sales proposition (USP) that creates consumers to buy from the business and differentiates a business from its competitors. (Kirby, 2003: 237). Additionally, Entrepreneurs create a poor mission statement; long and confused to remember and not setting a clear one which is easy to memorize. That is why; neither customers and the staff nor themselves can recall their memory but fail to meet businesss goals and aims. A range of Ethical problems Hannafey (2003) describes that Entrepreneurships encounter ethical problems that are dissimilar from other business men because they introduce new technology and innovate business techniques that they are the first to encounter new ethical dilemmas where the demand of innovations could be complex in Entrepreneurial environments. Powell (1990) thinks that there is an abundance of opportunity for low-order Entrepreneurship because so many basic needs are unsatisfied in developing countries. In addition, the Australian economist Joseph Schumpeter outlines that Entrepreneurship creates and destroys economic structures in the economy. Hisrich (1998) suggests that Entrepreneurship demonstrates stronger ethical perceptions about their relationship to the businesses in which they were involved. Longnecker et. al (1998; 27) comment that Entrepreneurs are stricter in sometime when they do ethical judgements. Thus, personal characteristics of individual Entrepreneur affect the ethical perspectives and business decision makes a major topic in literature. Chau and Siu (2000; 370) suggest that entrepreneurs both inside and outside of organisation are required to manage others viewpoints and to resolve moral conflicts. The competitive market pressures will harm Entrepreneurs viewpoints on ethics. Dees and Starr (1992, 89) note that Entrepreneurs usually encounter promoter dilemmas because they must win the customers, investors, bankers, suppliers to support the risks and uncertainties of the new enterprise. Promoter dilemmas include uncertainty over how much detailed information to convey about the risks of a venture. Moreover, Entrepreneurs great optimism and enthusiasm may limit his/ her ability to distinguish and make judgements about potential ethical problems. Additionally, Entrepreneurial innovations can bring complex negative externalities that may need society to re-examine certain norms and values. Legal considerations There are a lot of challenges from different legal and regulatory environments. In order to handle the going international, an Entrepreneur needs to have not only an overall intelligence of legal system of the country but also a legal counsel to handle specifics. If they have lack of understanding of intellectual property, they might be unable to remember and protect the assets such as patents, trademarks and copyrights. Furthermore, they must understand taxes, liability and interest in the particular country and aware any regulations that might affect the new venture (Hirich, 2010). Risks Kuratko (2009) states that once Entrepreneurs start or buy a new business, they usually face with the greater risks. The researchers note that Entrepreneurs risk- taking activity is due to the typology of Entrepreneurial styles. The figure 2 explains about the level of personal financial risk and the level of profit motive which means whether Entrepreneurs try to gain monetary or return from the venture. Simply, they need to consider how to maximise the profit or minimise the risk. In the activity seeking part, Entrepreneurs find out independence or the work of the venture that are known as the Entrepreneurships activities. On the other hand, the theory argues that the relationship between risk and financial return creates Entrepreneurs different from one another. It is noted that Entrepreneurial risk sometimes can be regarded as a complicated issue. Figure 2: A Typology of Entrepreneurial Styles However, their ego could meet numerous risks- financial risk, career risk, family and social risk and psychic risk which are more than a simple economic risk (Kuratko, 2009: 40). Financial risk Entrepreneurs stand significant portion of his/ her savings to other resources at stake. They could meet financial obligations since there is no assurance of a steady income. The money will be lost if the venture fails. Moreover, they need to sign personally on company obligations that exceed his/ her personal net worth. Additionally, there would be personal bankruptcy since they are not enthusiastic to leave their personal belongings and start a new business. Career Risk Entrepreneurs have worries on whether they will discover a new job or continue back again their former ones if their ventures fail. This becomes most important worry to those who have a secure organizational job with a high income and good benefit package. Family and social risk Entrepreneurs may need to spend their energy and time which may occur incomplete family experience and permanent emotional scars. Dees and Starr (1992: 98) agree that entrepreneurs encounter various relationship dilemmas which may lead to complex ethical problems because roles and relationships change from their pre-venture to their post- venture status. Entrepreneurs might face Relationship dilemmas since they could not plan for get- together time to meet up with old friends and which may vanish their social relationships. Psychic Risk Most entrepreneurs suffer financial disasters that are difficult to recover immediately. This mental ability could harm to the well- being of the individual. High level of Stress When work demands and expectations exceed entrepreneurs abilities, they experience stress. That is because they have to take full authority for their business and their decisions have a direct impact on whether the business may be successful or fail (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2002). Failure of a business may cause financial ruin and create intense levels of stress and anxiety. Among the four causes of entrepreneurs stress, Boyd and Gumpert (1983) comment that loneliness could happen to entrepreneurs because they spent long hours of work and not participating in social activities. Also, Entrepreneurs are immovable with their numerous works thus; they have no involvement in extra curriculum activities such as spending social gathering party or go out for recreation which is due to the immersion in businesses. Additionally, there would be irreconcilable conflicts and people problems when Entrepreneurs become exasperate and disappoint not only when they manage the employees performance standards but also encounter conflicts with customers and professionals. That is because; Entrepreneurs are enthusiastic to achieve the goals and never satisfied with their work as they are worry that their competitors might come in if they slow down the business. Hence, in order to recover those stress and tensions, firstly, Entrepreneurs should manage networking with other business owners. Moreover, it is necessary to seek out the satisfaction outside the company. Secondly, they should go for short vacations to have better relaxations. So they could build a better communications not only with their employees and staffs but also with their clients and customers. Conclusions To sum up, Entrepreneurs will be gradually important in global economic life. Nowadays, the activities done by Entrepreneurs become crucial to the global economy. Therefore, it is important for Entrepreneurs to have carefully designed and carry out executed research on the ethical dimension. However, new research with a global focus is needed to find out more about how Entrepreneurs deal with ethical issues across different cultures. Hisrich (1998) suggests that Entrepreneurship ethical standards on individual Entrepreneurs may overwhelm by the core values of family members, teachers in early life. Business professionals and ethics may seek to develop norms of behaviour for specific kinds of entrepreneurial moral dilemmas. Last but not least, it is vital to study why persons become entrepreneurs and how these motivations affect or influence their relationship to their organisation they create -that will provide a deeper understanding of the moral perspectives and behaviours of entrep reneurs. The total word count is 2420 (excluding cover page, content page and references).

Joe Clark in Lean On Me :: Film Movies

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  East Side High School was labeled a â€Å"cauldron of violence.† After they were designated this harsh term, Joe Clark becomes the head principal and changes it all around – or does he? Lean on Me is a story of hope, development, love, hate, and dependence. As a father figure and friend, Clark’s strict disciplining and harsh attitude helps heal, strengthen, and bring to life a struggling high school in New Jersey. But is this plot just a story for the movie screen? Did the true story really happen like this and end like this? Lean on Me might be moving and powerful, but we must look deeper into the real personality of Joe Clark and how he treated others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Crazy† Joe Clark does not get his name from out of the blue. He is violent, angry, and set in his own ways and beliefs. His wife that left him and the one friend that he has are all reflective signs of his horrendous behavior. He walks around the school with a baseball bat, rather than a clipboard or briefcase. The fear that he â€Å"earns† is more prevalent than the respect that the students and teachers have for him. He likes to be known as â€Å"HNIC† – the â€Å"head nigger in charge.† His absurd manners are strongly disliked by his fellow colleagues. He insults teachers in front of students and fires them when they do not comply with his harsh rules. The first disturbing aspect of this movie is Joe Clark’s personality; although he changes around the school, he does it in a bizarre and vicious manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another bizarre aspect of the movie is how the director, ---, portrays East Side High. After there is a time change from the 60s to the 80s, East Side transforms from a nice, well-kept, and clean school to a graffiti filled, prison-like, school that resembles an alleyway, not a high school. There are fights in the hallway and the bathrooms every time class lets out. Drug dealers are let in by other students to exchange money and drugs. East Side is portrayed as a rundown and scary – to say the least – learning institution.

The Annunciation: A Painting by Francisco de Zurbaran :: Essays Papers

The Annunciation: A Painting by Francisco de Zurbaran Works of art can best be appreciated when the elements of design, the principles of design, and the iconography of the work are observed and understood. The Annunciation, a painting by the Spanish artist Francisco de Zurbaran, is a work of art that incorporates both the elements and principles of design. The iconography of the painting is of great importance as well as its aesthetic quality. The ability to create a picture of The Annunciation in one’s mind is a key factor in understanding the analysis of the work. Francisco de Zurbaran approaches the painting with a naturalistic style. The painting features a room in which a woman – like angel is seen at the left kneeling on the ground before the Virgin Mary. The figure of Mary is placed between a chair and a small wooden table draped with a green cloth. Mary disregards an open Bible on the table, as she appears solemn while staring at the floor. Floating above the two main figures in the upper left side of the painting are cherubs resting on a bed of clouds. They happily gaze down at Mary with eyes from Heaven. The Annunciation uses elements of design to create a visually pleasing picture. The visual elements consist of light, color, texture, shape, and line. The use of light is one of the most evident elements in this painting. The source of light is not directly visible in the painting, but appears as a radiant angelic host floating above the two main figures. Light emphasizes the fair skin of the Angel and Mary as they both look down towards a shadowy floor. Light also reflects the open Bible on the table suggesting emphasis on the holiness of Mary. The rest of the room remains eerily dark and dull. Color is used to draw attention to important characters and objects in the painting. The red of Mary’s shirt emphasizes her place as the main figure. A bright, yellow cloud floating above the room symbolizes the joy of the angelic figures. De Zurbaran uses warm colors in the foreground. The room, used as the background for the scene, is painted in dark colors utilizing different hues of gray and brown. An observer can also obtain a sense of texture in this painting.

A Brief Look to the Minority Issues in Turkey Essay -- turkish democrac

Currently, Turkey stands between the worlds of Europe and the Middle East, in other words West and East. As Turkey prepares to join the EU, the county’s problematic relationship with democracy needs to be re-examined. Under Turkey’s current system, in operation for nine decades, the country has not been able to establish a stable democratic regime. Since the beginning of the republic, Turkey has created three constitutions. In addition, over the past 40 years, Turkey has faced four military coups or attempts thereof, the most recent in 1997. The EU is certainly not interested in the inclusion of a military state within democratic structures. Yet, as it stands today, the formal democracy of Turkey is notably weakened by its traditional reliance on a paternalistic military. Not only is the state of democracy in Turkey important in light of its EU application, it also carries vital international significance. If democratization can truly take hold and stabilize the country , Turkey could become a model state demonstrating the potential for congruency between democratic and Islamic values. Currently the Turkish Parliament (TBMM) is trying to make up the Republic’s first constitution without a military stance. It is evident for Turkey that without the elimination of Turkish military power from civilian life, there is no way to cure undemocratic problems within the country, for example, the recognition and protection of minorities. Since its establishment in 1923, the Republic of Turkey has faced severe minority rights issues. In that year, the allies (France, the UK, Italy, Greece etc.) and the new republic signed the Treaty of Peace in Lausanne, which included minority subjects. However, until today the parties of the treaty have acc... ...l under the category of either ethnic or religious minorities such as Kurds, Laz and Zaza...etc. Now, the groups along with their problems will be briefly examined. Numbers related to the population will also be provided. Works Cited Oran, B. Tà ¼rkiye’de AzÄ ±nlÄ ±klar: Kavramlar, Teori, Lozan, Ä °Ãƒ § Mevzuat, Ä °Ãƒ §tihat, Uygulama [Minorities in Turkey: Concepts, Theory, Lausanne, Domestic Law, Jurisprudence and Practice] (Istanbul, Ä °letiÅŸim, 2005) at 48-49. Oran, at 48. Will, K. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York, Oxford, 1995) at 1. United Nations, ICCPR, Human Rights Committee, â€Å"General Comment No.31 [80] Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant: 26/05/2004. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13. (General Comments)† online: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C21.Rev.1.Add.13En?Opendocument

Cruise Tourism Industry

Cruise tourism industry is has become the most important icon of modern tourism in the 21st century. This has mainly been prompted by the changing human utilitarian demands and globalization which makes it much easier to move and interact with environment and other people. Besides, it has been boosted by vast advancement in technology that makes it easy for the people to move out within the highest considerations of safety, comfort, and precise predetermination of the expected destination.Cruise tourism industry has given the tourism total revolution making the industry to be one of the most important sectors in the world economy (Kingston, 2006). However the development and future of the industry is highly dependent on the emergent issues that directly affect the world economy as the main source of consumers for the industry, the international peace & stability especially of the destination regions, the environmental considerations for the industry, and the regions of destination. O f greater importance however, is the consumers desire to explore and experience new aspects and phenomenon different from their home settings.Besides, it forms a direct platform for effective research in different aspects of psychology, natural sciences, social interactions and technological applications (Wood, 2000). Therefore, it depicts a coterminous entity upon where vast applications can be simultaneously applied and studied with ease. Overview of the cruise industry Historical background and development of the industry The current Cruise tourism industry has a long history dating back to the late 19th century when Prinzessin Victoria Luise was finished and commissioned by Hamburg-American Line Company for Transatlantic expeditions.However, historians argue that cruise voyages have existed since the famous travel of Christopher Columbus. Though scholars have sharply been divided over the issue, a common ground appears to have been reached with re-definition of tourism and chara cterisation of its different aspects. Most of the ancient voyages were driven by desire to search for new lands and exploit them for economic gains and less concerned with need for pleasure and site seeing of the current tourism (Kingston, 2006).However, it is very clear that the modern system has directly been shaped by the historical connotations and vastly modified by advancement in technology to reflect its present situation. During the mid 20th century, intercontinental travellers largely used ships for their movement due to the resultant comfort and good experience attached to it (Abraham & Yoel, 1999). However, most of them were directly travel oriented and had less to do with tourism demands. It was due to these experiences that the current systems of massive cruise ships largely establish its basement and progress.More cruise ships specifically meant for holiday were established with greater emphasis for comfort and satisfaction being given much higher priorities (Charles & Brent, 2006). However, most of the cruise considerations were thought to be reservations for the upper class while the lower classes had no position in the same type of expeditions. The current cruise ships are fully inclusive and entirely meant for all the people as the cost adjusts downwards with the rising suppliers of the services. Organization and management Due to the high returns from the industry, massive investments have been mobilized by the different cruise industries.Unlike the previous travelling where much smaller and simpler systems operated with greater focus of transferring people from one destination to another only, the current cruise ships are organised much like float hotels with complete hospitality staff. In the Royal Caribbean International, the staffs in the ship are equal or slightly less than the number of tourists on-board. Effective coordination and management with technicians, engineers, security, and astrologists form the technical bench in the MS Libe rty of the Seas.Besides, they are well manned from the land by constant coordination with the base surveillance monitoring unit via satellite. In the Minors of the Sea, several thousand meals are several thousand meals are served at any particular sitting. The system has been equated to an ecological unit with all the systems highly interdependent and fully self sustaining with minimal external monitoring. Demand for the cruise tourism Since late 1980s, the demand for cruise tourism has strongly risen globally as different generations change the approach to tourism to become part of their lifestyle demands which sets a strong mark of achievement.Compared to the demand during the ‘rebirth' of the industry in 1980s', the demand had doubled by the year 2005. An average of 500,000 people in North America took cruises by the onset of 1980s (Zeneth, 2008). However, the industry was marred by uncertainty due to poor development of technology and lack of enough information for the ind ustry. Besides, cruising was mostly undertaken in US and Eastern Europe only with other countries being at the tender ages of developing their systems. Since then, the demand has been rising at an average rate of 8% annually and is expected to reach a total of 10 million cruises by the year 2007.This number has been projected to continue rising as more players have ventured into the market shifting the previously upper class venture consideration to an all people exercises for faster expansion of the business. By 2015, it is predicted that the number of people cruising the oceans will reach 17 million a 70% increase on the 2000 total number. According to the cruise lines international (CLIA), the demand from the people is double the current number of the cruisers but strongly restricted by location which hinders accessibility (Chris et al, 2008).The most visited region is the Caribbean with over 80% of the tourists it every year. Europe regions are also greatly visited especially al ong the Mediterranean Sea routes. However, fast demand is shifting to the Baltic land along Copenhagen, Tallinn, Stockholm, Helsinki and St. Petersburg ports. Supply of cruise tourism Arguably, the supply of Cruise Tourism has been rising very fast over the last three decades. However, the pace is considered to be a slow one compared to the level of demand by the people for the same services.As indicated earlier cruise tourism is one of the most expensive ventures in the world. Though most travellers view is as a system of get-enjoy-achievement, the underlying harmonization entails vast demands in terms of engineering, coordination and human labour management, security connotation, and international considerations of environment and related protocols. As a result, only few industries have been wiling to venture into the complicated business (Charles &Brent, 2006). This has left the field to smaller ships with much lower holding capacities to operate the lucrative business.The modern carriers are generally much bigger with massive and advanced facilities to hold and secure more consumers with higher levels of comfort during the voyage. Currently, Carnival Corporations is one of the largest cruise companies owning Princess Cruise ship, Swan Hellenic, P& O Cruises and Costa Cruises among others operating US and Europe. By 2010, the company aims at having over 100 cruise ships added to the current 200 operating in the sea. Other major operators and suppliers of the services include Royal Caribbean which is highly established in the North American region.It serves the tourists even to further destinations like Bermuda regions and the polar areas. Norwegian Cruise Lines serves most of the Europe especially along the Mediterranean sea with extension to the polar regions and the Baltic lands. Currently, cruise tourism is becoming a mass market with other major players like India, China, Japan, and Singapore establishing their cruising tourism systems to tap the fast r ising demand. In US, 1/3 of the cruise sails from the port of Miami with others sailing from Port Everglades, Port Canaveral, New York, Tampa, Galveston, and San Juan.Many of the UK cruise lines operate from Barbados (Zeneth, 2008). Economic aspects of cruise tourism Due to the high demands for the cruise services in the world, most of the countries have greatly reaped from the establishment. With the currently demand being expected to rise to 11. 9 and 5. 3 million in America and Europe respectively, World Trade Organization indicates that the sector will form a strong economic support for the individual countries by the year 2015. International Council of Cruise Lines indicates that the industry is riding a strong line of consumer demand improving the economic conditions in North America.According to Zeneth (2008), an average economic impact of the cruise industry spending is estimated at US $ 1, 523 million annually including the total consumption of the ship and passengers. Owin g to the current growth rate of the industry, the amount is expected to double as the industry becomes more vibrant and more players venture into the business. Most of the seaports where the cruise ships take off have highly developed from the business. Scholars argue that the â€Å"flavour and taste† of port cities like Miami, St.Peters burg and Barbados have fully changed to reflect the new ideals of superiority and expensive derivation. The efficiency of the services and facilities offered in these towns have greatly increased with modern aspects relating to cruise tourism improving with speed to cater for the fast growing business (Chris et al, 2008). In Australia, the Cruise industry is expected to contribute immensely to the country's economy in the next decade. Most of the industries specializing in human services provision have found special niches where they can get fast market for their products and services.Environmental aspects of cruise tourism Though this indust ry is fast growing and offering vast promises to the investors and the economy, major concerns have been cited in its application and which requires strong consideration necessary for reducing possible negative effects. Over the years, environment has become a major concern for the cruise tourism industry. Taking into consideration that most of the cruise ships are very large and hold vast numbers of people, the system is also expected to generate vast wastes and emissions into the environment as it tries to sustain them and itself (Sarah & Claudia, 2008).Most of the cruise ships are petroleum driven and consume vast quantities of fuel. This is mainly used in production of electricity used in cooking, propelling the ship and maintaining its on-board supportive systems. As a result, it releases vast emissions into the atmosphere contributing to global warming. With the current rise in production and use of large cruise ship in the world, their total contribution into the atmosphere h as been projected to surpass vehicles production by 2015.A large Cruise ship like Royal Caribbean International has been indicated to have higher capacity to produce envisions equal to to production of 1200 cars (Zeneth, 2008). Owing to the large numbers of the people involved, vast quantities of food prepared and served, supportive services like cleaning and maintenance of these ships during the voyages, they release a lot of effluents and solid wastes into the sea. Most of the petroleum effluents have high sulphur contents that easily change the properties the immediate water threatening the vast biodiversity in the cruise ship travelling lines.Cleaning and maintenance of the cruise ship involves use of chemicals that too end up in the waste stream coming from the ship. The argument that ocean water forms strong and effective dilution mediums that have high capacity to assimilate most of their wastes is totally wrong. The International Convention for the Prevention of Ship Polluti on denotes the essence of respecting the ecological integrity and sanctity necessary for harmonious coexistence of all the ecosystems. During the year 2002, the massive death of Penguins in the southern polar region was attributed to ship pollution (Sarah & Claudia, 2008).Solid wastes management has also posed massive threats to the wildlife in the sea. Most of the lines along the cruise ship path ways highly littered with plastic bags and metallic cans for refreshments. Conclusion and recommendation Cruise ship industry has been growing at a tremendous rate since mid 20th century. This has been caused by the fast rising demand and opening up of the industry to all the people as opposed to the prior social classes consideration. As a result more players and investors have entered into the industry opening its lager contribution to the world economy.Arguably, the last two decades have seen US and Europe dominate the world cruise market with large percentage. However, other players fr om developing countries have effectively come up to participate in fast growing sector. Cruise tourism holds the key to the future of tourism industry as people change their consumerism patterns for different services (David & Richard, 2008). However, the industry should address issues relating to its negative impacts especially to the environment.Most importantly, the company owners should establish better ships that have higher fuel combustion efficiency in order to reduce the overall emissions to the atmosphere. Besides, liquid and solid waste treatment systems should also be installed to reduce their poisonous nature to the marine environment along the routes that these cruise ships follow. Reference list Abraham, P. & Yoel, M. (1999). Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism. Bonn: Haworth Press. Chris, C. , John, F. , Stephen, W. & David, G. (2008). Tourism: Principles and Practice. Geneva: Pearson Education. Charles, R. &Brent, R. (2006).Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philos ophies. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Kingston, R. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. New York: CABI. David, J. & Richard, S. (2008). Tourism and Development in the Developing World. London: R outledge publishing press. Sarah, V. & Claudia, C. (2008). Water Pollution Issues and Developments. Brussels: Nova Publishers. Wood, R. (2000) ‘Caribbean cruise tourism: globalization at sea', Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 345-70 Zeneth, P. (2008). Tourism development: Analytical consideration of Cruise tourism industry, Journal of tourism management, 29(41): 401-469